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Human Structure and Function 3 > The Skeletomuscular System > Flashcards

The Skeletomuscular System Flashcards

1
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What is responsible for all movement in the body?

A

Muscles

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2
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What are the 3 basic types of muscle?

A
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3
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Which type of muscle do we have voluntary control over?

A

Skeletal muscle

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4
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Which type of muscle isnt striated?

A

Smooth

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5
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Which type of muscle is the bodies energy converters?

A

Skeletal

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6
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How many nuclei are in skeletal muscle?

A

Many

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7
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How many nuclei are in cardiac muscle?

A

1

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8
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How many nuclei are in smooth muscle?

A

1

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9
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What prefixes refer to muscle?

A

Myo and mys

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10
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Excitability

A

Ability to recieve and respond to stimuli

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11
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Contractility

A

Ability to shorten when stimulated

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12
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Exstensibility

A

Ability to be stretched

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13
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Elasticity

A

Ability to recoil to resting strength

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14
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Functions of skeletal muscle

A

Movement

Maintenance of posture and body position

Heat production

Store nutrient reserves

Protects bones and internal organs

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15
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Skeletal muscle structure images

A
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16
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neurone and all the muscle fibres that it invervates

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17
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What affect does having fewer number of fibres per neurone have?

A

Allows finer movement

Requires more brain power

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18
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Fascicles

A

Small bundles of muscle fibres

Group together to make up the muscle

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19
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How long is a muscle fibre?

A

They go the length of the muscle

From tendon to tendon

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20
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What surrounds each fascicle?

A

A connective tissue layer called the perimysium

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21
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What surrounds the entire muscle?

A

An external connective tissue wrapping called the epimysium

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22
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue layer

Seperates and electrically insulates the muscle cells from each other

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23
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What are the 3 connective tissue layers in the fascicle of muscles?

Starting from the inside going outwards?

A

Endomysium

Perimysium

Epimysium

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24
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Sacromere

A

Contracile unit of the muscle fibre

From one Z line to another Z line

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25
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What is the thick filament in the myofilament?

A

Myosin

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26
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What is the thin filament in a myofilament?

A

Actin

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27
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

A band in the myofilament

A

Where thin and thick filaments overlap

Dark coloured

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28
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

H band in the myofilament

A

Just thick filaments

Thin filaments don’t reach that point

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29
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

I band in the myofilament

A

Just the thin filaments

Light coloured

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30
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Z line in the myofilament

A

Marks boundries between adjacent sarcomeres

Connects thin filaments of each sarcomere

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31
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Differences between sarcomere when contracted and relaxed

A

I band shortens

H zone shortens

A band stays the same

M line stays the same

Z lines get closer together

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32
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Where does the actin filaments bind to?

A

The z line

33
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Which filament has the heads on them?

A

Thick myosin filaments

34
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What does muscle contraction require a lot of?

A

ATP

35
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Steps of sliding filament theory

A

Ca2+ bind to troponin

This causes tropomyosin to move and reveal actin binding sites

Myosin binds to actin

ADP released causing the myosin heads to change shape

Actin filament pulled along in rachet fashion by myosin heads

ATP binds to myosin head to detach it, giving off phosphate to become ADP

36
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What causes muscle contraction?

A

Stimulation from the motor neurone

37
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What does the energy from the ATP do in muscle contraction

A

Causes the myosin head to detach from the actin filament

38
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Explain why rigor mortis occurs

A

No more ATP

Therefore can’t make muscles relax

Myosin heads can’t detach from actin filaments

39
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Where does the Ca2+ come from for muscle contraction?

A

Calcium pumps in sarcoplasmic reticulem pumps them into the sarcomere

Creates a store of Ca2+

40
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Tropomyosin

A

Long fibrous molecule

Blocks the interaction between actin and myosin when muscle is relaxed

41
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Toponin

A

Binds reversibly with calcium

Then moves tropomyosin away from the actin binding site

42
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What are all the roles of ATP in muscle contraction?

A

Energises the power stroke of the myosin cross-bridges

Makes the myosin head detach from the actin binding site when the power stroke is finished

Actively transporting calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

In muscle contraction do all the myosin heads bind at once?

A

No

44
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What is the sarcolemma?

A

Muscle cell membrane

45
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What is the muscle cell cytoplasm called?

A

Sarcoplasm

46
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth ER of myofibril

47
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Motor end plate

A

Contact surface with the axon terminal

48
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

T tubule

A

Cell membrane extension into sarcoplasm

Allows the depolarising signal to contract to reach the myofibrils deep in the muscle fibre

49
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Cisternae

A

Areas of the ER dictated to Ca2+ storage

Found either side of the T-tubules

50
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What does the tension generated in skeletal muscle dependant on?

A

Frequency of action potentials transmitted along a somatic motor nerve

Amount of ACh released at neuromuscular junction

Frequency of action potentials across the skeletal muscle fibres

Amount of Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Number of cross-bridges formed between actin and myosin filaments

51
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What happens to relax the muscle?

Not just the muscle

A

ACh is removed from receptors

Ligand gated Na+ channels close

Na/K pumps reestablish resting membrane potential

Ca2+ ions leave troponin and are actively transported back to the cisternae

Tropomyosin moves back over the actin active site

Myosin heads release actin filament

Filaments move passively back to resting position

52
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

The 3 phases of a muscle twitch

A
53
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What is the ratio of stimulation to muscle twitches?

A

1 : 1

54
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What happens during the latent stage of a muscle twitch?

A

Action potential generated up to myosin heads binding to actin

55
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What happens during the contraction stage of a muscle twitch?

A

Myosin heads slide along the actin filaments

56
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What happens during the relaxation stage of a muscle twitch?

A

Ca2+ ions moved back into the cisternae

Tropomyosin moves back over actin

Myosin heads release actin and go back to resting positions

57
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What causes what to move and expose the actin binding sites in muscle contraction?

A

Tropin moves tropomyosin

58
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What happens if the sarcomeres are stretched too far?

A

Cross-bridge interactions are reduced or cannot happen

59
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What happens if the sarcomeres have a resting length that is too small?

A

They cannot contract enough to produce tension

60
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Isometric contractions

A

Muscle contraction without movement

Muscle doesn’t shorten

61
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Isotonic contractions

A

Muscle contractions with movement

62
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What are the two types of isotonic muscle contraction?

A

Concentric - when the muscle shortens

Eccentric - when the muscle elongates

63
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Treppe

A

Gradual increase in contraction intensity during sequential stimulation

Might be due to Ca2+ ions accumalting in the cytosplasm with each stimulation

64
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Summation

A

Rapid sequence of stimuli

Muscle twitches fuse into each other

Makes the subsequent one stronger than the last

65
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Tetanus

A

Very rapid sequence of stimuli

No relaxation in the muscles

66
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Recruitment

A

Multiple motor units respond to stimulus

Therefore affects more muscle fibres

Creates a greater force then just one

67
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How is ACh removed?

A

Broken down by acetylcholinesterase

68
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

If there is oxygen present how is ATP produced?

How much is produced?

A

Oxidative phosporylation

34 ATP per glucose

69
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

If there is no oxygen present how is ATP produced?

How much is made?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

2 ATP per glucose

70
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

Muscle fatigue

A

A decline in the ability of the muscle to sustain the strength of contraction

71
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What are the causes of muscle fatigue?

A

Rapid build up of lactic acid

Decreased neurotransmitters at synapse

Decrease in oxygen supply

Decrease in energy supply

Psychological issues

72
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How is lactic acid formed?

A

During anaerobic glycoloysis

73
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What affects does aerobic (endurance) exercise have?

A

Promotes increased oxidative capacity of the muscle fiber

Increased blood vessel supply

Increased amount of mitochondria

Results in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resitance to fatigue

74
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What affects does resistance exercise have?

A

Increased glycolytic activity

Increased synthesis of gylcolytic enzymes

Increased synthesis of myofibrils

Increased muscle size and strength

75
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How to make human growth hormone

A

Insert HGH gene into virus

Seed the virus into cultured human cells

Wait for the virus to reproduce

Extract HGH

76
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What is the muscle connective tissue?

A

Collagen fibres

77
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What type of collagen fibres are in the perimysium?

A

50% type I

50% type III

78
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

What type of collagen fibres are in the endomysium?

A

Type I

79
Q

The Skeletomuscular system

How does exercise/lack of exercise effect collagen fibres?

A

Inactivity cause the elastic properties to decrease

Exercise increases breakdown/synthesis to replace the old brittle collagen with new protocollagen

Human Structure and Function 3 (6 decks)

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