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Human Structure and Function 3 > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many bones do adults have?

A

206

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2
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many muscles do adults have?

A

640 named ones

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3
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many joints does a human have?

A

360

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4
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many tendons does a human have?

A

4000

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5
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What does tendons connect?

A

Muscles to bones

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6
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many ligaments do humans have?

A

900

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7
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

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8
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Anotomical position

A

Stand erect, feet parallel and eyes forward

Palms facing forward

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9
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Which position is used as the standard reference point?

A

Anotomical position

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10
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Fundamental position

A

Similar to anatomical position

Arms more relaxed

Palms facing forward

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11
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Two divisions of the skeleton

A

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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12
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many bones in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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13
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

A

Skull

Hypoid bone

Vertebral column

Thorax cage

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14
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Hyoid bone

A

Anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing

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15
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What does the axial skeleton do?

A

Supports and protects organs of the head, neck and trunk

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16
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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17
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Which type of bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of limbs and bones that anchor limbs to the axial skeleton

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18
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Which bones are part of the pendicular skeleton?

A

Pectorial girdle

Upper limbs

Pelvic girdle

Lower limbs

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19
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Articulation

A

Where joints meet, connect and are formed

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20
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Support the body

Storage of minerals and lipids

Blood cell production

Protection of soft organs

Movement due to attached skeletal muscles

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21
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Types of bone

A

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

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22
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What are the two basic type of bone tissue?

A

Compact

Spongy

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23
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Spongy bone

A

Small needle-like pieces of bone

Has lots of open spaces for blood supply

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24
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Osteons

A

The basic functional units of mature compact bone

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25
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What makes up a bone?

A

Hydroxypatite

Calcium salts

Collagen fibres

Cells

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26
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What makes up 2/3 of a bones weight?

A

Calcium phosphate

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27
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What makes up 1/3 of a bones weight?

A

Collagen fibres

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28
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What accounts for about 2% of a bones weight?

A

Cells

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29
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Hysroxyapatite

A

Hard and brittle part of bones

Made up of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

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30
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Collagen fibres

A

Very strong

Easily tolerates twisting and bending

Provides organic framework of bone for hydroxypatite crystals to form on

31
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What are cells are present in the bones?

A

Osteocytes

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

32
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

Found deep within the bone matrix

33
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

Fills the cavities left by osteoclasts

34
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Osteoclasts

A

Bone destroying cells

Remove old bone

Dissolve minerals

35
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Which are the bone destroying cells?

A

Osteclasts

36
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What is the skeleton primarily made of in embryos?

A

Hyaline cartilage

37
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Where does cartilage remain in the adult body?

A

Bridge of the nose

Parts of ribs

Joints

38
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What changes to the embryos skelaton as it develops?

A

Most of the cartilage is replaced by bone

39
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What are the two growth mechanisms in cartilage

A

Intersitial growth

Appostional growth

40
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Describe the matrix of the cartilage

A

Firm gel containing polysaccharide derivatives called chondroitin sulfates

41
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What cells are present in cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

42
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Where would you find the chondrocyte cells in cartilage?

A

In small chambers called lacunae

43
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Interstitial growth

A

Cell division

Enlarges the cartilage from within

44
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Appositional growth

A

Cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium undergo repeated cycles of division

New layers of cartilage are added to the surface

45
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Three major types of cartilage

A

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

46
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What are the issues with cartilage

A

No blood supply

No nerve supply

Difficult to repair

47
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Difference between young and adult long bone structure

A

Growth plate present in children and adolescents

Replaced by an apihyseal line in adults

48
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Epiphysial plate

A

Growth plate

Hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone

49
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Ossification

A

Calcium salts are deposited

50
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Endochrondral

A

Bone replaces existing cartilage

51
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue

Normally occurs in the deeper layers of the dermis

Also an essential process during the natural healing of bone fracures

52
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

How many bones in the skull?

A

22

53
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Bones of the cranium

A

8 sutured bones

54
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Facial bones

A

13 sutured bones

1 mandible

55
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What is a fontanel?

A

Soft membranous gaps between the imcompletely formed cranial bones in an infant

Both anterior and posterior

56
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

When does the anterior fontanel close up?

A

At 9-18 months

57
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

When does the posterior fontanel close up?

A

Within 2-3 months

58
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Types of head injuries

A

Closed head injuries

Open/penatrating wounds

59
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Paransal sinuses

A

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

60
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

The hyoid bone

A

Serves as a moveable base for the tongue and other muscle attachments

Aids in tongue movement and swallowing

61
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone?

A

The Hyoid bone (one in the mouth)

62
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)

A

Causes fibrous tissue to be ossified

Causes loss of mobility

63
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What is the cause of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva?

A

A mutation in ACVR1 gene on chromosome 4

64
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Melorheostosis

A

Irregular hyperstosis

Causes abnormal bone shape and limb deformity

65
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Oesteoporosis

A

Condition where bones have lost minerals

Bones become brittle and more susceptible to fracutres

66
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

What bones can be affected by osterporosis?

A

Any bone in the body

67
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Risk factors for ossteoporosis

A

Increased age

Ethnic origin

Low BMI

Family history

Lifestyle choices

68
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Are men or women more likely to suffer from osteoporosis?

A

Women

69
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Oestrogen effect on osteoporosis

A
  1. Oestrogen deficiency
  2. Low calcitrol
  3. Intestinal malabsorption of Ca2+
  4. Calcium deficiency
  5. Increased parathyroid hormone
  6. Osteoclasts release Ca2+ from bone
70
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

When does bone denisty peak?

A

Around 30 years of age

71
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Scan used to tests bone density

A

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan

72
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Rickets

A

Softening and weakening of bones in children

Usually cause by an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency

73
Q

Skeletomuscular system - Bones

Myeloma

A

Form of cancer

Abnormal cells collect in the bone marrow and form tumours

Can happen in one or more bones

Human Structure and Function 3 (6 decks)

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