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BIOL 1593 Midterm 2 > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

A ___ is an organ made up of several different tissues working together: osseous, cartilage, dense CT epithelium, adipose tissue and nervous tissue. The entire framework of bones and their cartilages constitute the ___ system.

A

Bone; skeletal

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2
Q

List the 6 functions of bone tissue

A

Support, protection, assist in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage.

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3
Q

How does bone tissue support the body?

A

Bones support the soft tissues and provide attachment sites for muscles, thereby serving as the structural framework for the body.

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4
Q

Describe how bone tissue protects the body.

A

Many of the body’s internal organs are protected by bony coverings.

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5
Q

Describe how the bone tissue assists in movement.

A

Bones assist skeletal muscles in producing movement.

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6
Q

Describe how bone tissue contributes to mineral homeostasis.

A

Bones store and release several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, to help maintain mineral homeostasis.

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7
Q

Describe how bone tissue contributes to blood cell production.

A

Hemopoesis, blood cell formation, occurs in the red marrow of bones

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8
Q

Describe how bone tissue contributes to triglyceride storage.

A

The yellow marrow of adult boned serves as a site of triglyceride storage.

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9
Q

Long bones

A

Consist of a shaft with 2 ends. Ex: the femur and humerus

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10
Q

Short bones

A

Are cube-like. Ex: carpals and tarsals

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11
Q

Flat bones

A

Are thin and usually curved. Ex: skull bones and ribs

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12
Q

Irregular bones

A

Are not long, short or flat. Ex: vertebrae

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13
Q

A typical long bone consists of the following 7 parts:

A

Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, articular cartilage (hyaline cart.), periosteum, medullary cavity (marrow cavity), and the endosteum.

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14
Q

The __ is the shaft of the long bone.

A

Diaphysis

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15
Q

The __ are the ends of the bone.

A

Epiphyses

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16
Q

The __ are the areas between the epiphysis and diaphysis and include the epiphyseal plate in growing bones.

A

Metaphyses

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17
Q

__ __ (__ __) at the ends of the bones reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely moveable joints.

A

Hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)

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18
Q

The __ is a CT that covers the surface of the bone; it contains osteogenic cells, protects bone; it contains osteogenic cells, protects bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.

A

Periosteum

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19
Q

The space within the diaphysis is the __ __.

A

Marrow cavity (medullary cavity)

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20
Q

__ marrow is the site of blood production.

A

Red

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21
Q

__ marrow is the site of fat storage.

A

Yellow

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22
Q

The __ is the lining of the medullary cavity.

A

Endosteum

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23
Q

Bone (osseous) tissue consists of widely separated cells surrounded by large amounts of matrix. The 4 principal types of bone cells are the following:

A

Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

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24
Q

Osteoprogenitor

A

Are precursor cells

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25
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Are bone building cells

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26
Q

Osteocytes

A

Are mature bone cells, the principal cells of bone tissue

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27
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Are derived from monocytes and serve to break down bone tissue

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28
Q

The __ of the bone contains inorganic salts, primarily hydroxyapatite and some calcium carbonate and collagen fibres.

A

Matrix

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29
Q

A __ bone is covered by __ __ at its proximal and distal epiphyses and by periosteum around the remainder of the bone

A

Long; articular cartilage

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30
Q

Which part of a bone reduces friction at joints?

A

The articular cartilage

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31
Q

Which part of a bone produces blood cells?

A

Red bone marrow

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32
Q

Which part of a bone lines the medullary cavity?

A

The endosteum

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33
Q

__ lie in lacunae arranged in concentric circles around a central canal in compact bone and in lacunae arranged irregularly in the trabeculae of __ bone

A

Osteocytes; spongy

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34
Q

The process of __ occurs only in the presence of __ fibres.

A

Calcification; collagen

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35
Q

As people age, some osteonic canals may become blocked. What effect would thus have on the osteocytes?

A

Because the central canals are the main blood supply to the osteocytes, their blockage would lead to death of osteocytes.

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36
Q

Compact bone is arranged in units called __ or __ __. Osteons contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and osteocytes, along with calcified matrix.

A

Osteons or Haversian systems

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37
Q

__ are aligned in the same direction along the lines of stress. The lines can change as the __ of the bone change.

A

Osteons; stresses

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38
Q

The process by which bone forms is called __

A

Ossification

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39
Q

__ __ involves the formation of bone within the mesenchyme arranged in sheet-like layers that resemble membranes.

A

Intramembranous ossification

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40
Q

During __ __ bone gradually replaces a cartilage model.

A

Endochondral ossification

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41
Q

Spongy (cancellous) bone does not contain __.

A

Osteons

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42
Q

Spongy bone consists of __ (columns or beams of bone), which surround many red-marrow-filled spaces.

A

Trabeculae

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43
Q

Which bones of the body develop by intramembranous ossification?

A

The flat bones of the skull, mandible, and part of the clavicle

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44
Q

Which structure signals that bone growth in length has stopped?

A

The epiphyseal lines

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45
Q

__ bone forms most of the structure of short, flat and irregular bones; and the epiphyses of long bones. __ bone is light and supports and protects the red bone marrow.

A

Spongy; spongy

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46
Q

Define the term ossification

A

Bone formation is termed osteogenesis or ossification; it begins when mesenchymal cells provide the template for subsequent ossification.

47
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Is the formation of bone directly from or within the fibrous CT membranes.

48
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Is the formation of bone from hyaline cartilage models

49
Q

Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of cartilage by bone and forms:

A

Most of the bones of the body

50
Q

Discuss the 4 steps in intramembranous ossification

A

1 osteoblasts cluster at the centre of ossification. 2 osteoblasts secrete the matrix. 3 osteoblasts become osteocytes and lay down bone spicules called trabeculae to form spongy bone. 4 the outer surface is covered w/periosteum.

51
Q

Discuss the several steps involved in endochondral ossification

A

Bone growth occurs in length and thick. Bone grows in length due to epiphyseal plate. When e.plate closes, replaced by bone which the e.line appears indicating growth completion. Bone can only grow in thickness by appositional growth.

52
Q

Long bones grow in length and thickness. Growth in length occurs at the __ line. Growth in width occurs at the __.

A

Epiphyseal; perichondrium

53
Q

Bone is a dynamic tissue constantly being broken down and replaced by a process called __.

A

Remodeling

54
Q

What are some of the nutrients and hormones involved in bone growth?

A

Large concentrations of calcium and phosphorus. Vitamins C, K, B12 and A. Insulin Mike growth factors (hGh) in childhood and thyroid and insulin in adults. Estrogen and testosterone.

55
Q

Release of __ from bone extracellular matrix and retention of __ by the kidneys are the 2 main ways that blood __ level can be increased.

A

Calcium

56
Q

What body functions depend on proper levels of Ca2+ ?

A

Heartbeat, respiration, nerve cell functioning, enzyme functioning, and blood clotting

57
Q

The adult human skeleton consists of __ bones grouped into axial and appendicular divisions.

A

206

58
Q

Name the main bones in the axial skeleton (80)

A

Skull, hyoid bone, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, thorax

59
Q

Name the main bones in the appendicular skeleton (126)

A

Pectoral (shoulder girdles), upper limbs, pelvic (hip girdle), lower limbs

60
Q

The skull consists of 2 sets of bones:

A

8 cranial bones from the cranial cavity and 14 facial bones form the face.

61
Q

What are the names of the 8 cranial bones?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, and temporal bones

62
Q

What is the largest foramen in the skull?

A

The foramen magnum

63
Q

The __ bone forms most of the posterior and inferior portion of the cranium.

A

Occipital

64
Q

The __ bone is called the Keystone of the cranial floor because it articulates with all other cranial bones, holding them together.

A

Sphenoid

65
Q

The __ bone is the major supporting structure of the nasal cavity.

A

Ethmoid

66
Q

Suture

A

A suture is an immovable joint in most cases in an adult that holds skull bones together.

67
Q

What are the 4 prominent skull sutures?

A

The coronal suture, the sagittal suture, the lambdoid suture, the squamous sutures.

68
Q

__ __ are mucous membrane lined spaces in the frontal sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones that connect to the nasal cavity.

A

Paranasal sinuses

69
Q

What are 2 main functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Produce mucous and serve as resonating chambers for vocalization.

70
Q

The adult vertebral column typically consist of 26 vertebrae within 5 subcategories which are:

A 
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
71
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the vertebrae.

A

Permits movement; encloses and protects the spinal cord, serves as a point of attachment for the ribs and muscles of the back.

72
Q

The cervical vertebrae are found in the __ region.

A

Neck

73
Q

A vertebra consists of a __, a vertebral __, and several __.

A

Body; arch; processes

74
Q

Which bones permit the movement of the head to signify no?

A

The Atlas and axis

75
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral and invertebral foramina?

A

The vertebral foramina enclose the spinal cord, and the intervertebral foramina provides spaces for spinal nerves to exit the vertebral column.

76
Q

Lumbar vertebrae are found where?

A

In the lower back

77
Q

Why are the lumbar vertebrae the largest and strongest in the vertebral column?

A

Support more weight than the thoracic and cervical vertebrae

78
Q

The __ is formed by the union of 5 sacral vertebrae, and the coccyx is formed by the union of usually 4 coccygeal vertebrae.

A

Sacrum

79
Q

What is the function of the sacral foramina?

A

They are passageways for nerves and blood vessels.

80
Q

The term __ refers to the entire chest. The skeletal portion of the thorax, the __ cage, is a bony cage formed by the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.

A

Thorax; thoracic

81
Q

The bones if the __ enclose and protect organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity.

A

Thorax

82
Q

The __ girdles attach to the bones if the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

A

Pectoral

83
Q

The __ girdle attached the bones if the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

A

Pectoral

84
Q

Which bones make up a pectoral girdle?

A

A clavicle and a scapula

85
Q

The __ is the longest and largest bone if the upper limb.

A

Humerus

86
Q

The __ is in the medial aspect (little finger side) of the forearm and is longer than the radius.

A

Ulna

87
Q

With which part of the scapula does the humerus articulate?

A

The glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the humerus.

88
Q

In the forearm, the longer __ is on the medial side, and the radius is on the lateral side.

A

Ulna

89
Q

What part of the ulna is called the elbow?

A

The olecranon

90
Q

The __ is located on the lateral aspect (them side) of the forearm.

A

Radius

91
Q

The __ is the proximal region of the hand and contains 8 small bones, the __, held together by ligaments.

A

Carpus; carpals

92
Q

The skeleton of the hand consists of the __, __, and the __.

A

Carpals; metacarpals; and phalanges

93
Q

MNEMONIC for carpal bones:

Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver’s Hand

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (proximal row)
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate (distal row)

*Lateral to medial

94
Q

What part of which bones are commonly called the knuckles?

A

The heads of the metacarpals

95
Q

The __ girdle consists of the 2 hip bones, also called the __ bones.

A

Pelvic; coxal

96
Q

The __ bones are united in front at the pubic symphysis and in back at the sacrum.

A

Hip

97
Q

What part of the pelvis surrounds the pelvic organs in the pelvic cavity?

A

The true pelvis surrounds the pelvic organs in the pelvic cavity.

98
Q

The 2 __ bones form the __ girdle, which attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and supports the vertebral column and viscera.

A

Hip; pelvic

99
Q

Which bone fits into the socket formed by the acetabulum?

A

The femur fits into the acetabulum

100
Q

The head of the __ articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint.

A

Femur

101
Q

With which bones does the distal end of the femur articulate?

A

The tibia and the patella

102
Q

The __ articulates with the femur and fibula proximally and with the fibula and talus distally, while the fibula articulated proximally with the __ below the knee joint and distally with the talus.

A

Tibia

103
Q

MNEMONIC for location of tibia and fibula: the fibuLa is LAteral.

A

Tibia is the shin bine, the larger, medial, weight bearing bone if the leg

104
Q

Which leg bone bears the weight of the body?

A

The tibia

105
Q

The skeleton if the foot consists of the __, __ and __.

A

Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.

106
Q

MNEMONIC for tarsals:

Tall Centres Never Take Shots From Corners

A

Talus, calcaneus, navicular, third cuneiform, second cuneiform, first cuneiform, cuboid.

107
Q

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula?

A

The talus

108
Q

__ help the foot support and distribute the weight of the body and provide leverage during walking.

A

Arches

109
Q

What structural aspect of the arches allows them to absorb shocks?

A

The arches are not rigid, yielding when weight is applied and springing back when weight is lifted to allow them to absorb the shock of walking and running.

110
Q

Factors that influence bone metabolism:

A

Minerals, vitamins, hormones, exercise and aging

111
Q

What are the contributions of the skeletal system for all body?

A

Bones provide support and protection for internal organs, bones store and release calcium, which is needed for proper functioning of most body tissues.

112
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A condition of porous bones. The basic problem is that bone resorption (breakdown) outpaces bone deposition (formation).

113
Q

Older women suffer from osteoporosis more often than men for 2 reasons:

A

Women’s bones are less massive than mens bones and production of estrogens in women declines dramatically at menopause, while production of the main androgen, testosterone, in older men wanes gradually and only slightly.

BIOL 1593 Midterm 2 (10 decks)

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