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BIOL 1593 Midterm 2 > The Muscular System > Flashcards

The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue is 1 of the 4 main tissue types and is responsible for __ and __ of force.

A

Movement; generation

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2
Q

Muscle tissue is composed of __ __ or __ that create a movement of the bone to which they are attached when they contract.

A

Contractile cells; fibres

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3
Q

Motion results when the muscles alternate b/w __ and __; the skeletal system provides the leverage and supportive framework for this movement.

A

Contraction; relaxation

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4
Q

List the 4 characteristics of muscle tissue

A

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity

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5
Q

Excitability

A

Muscle tissue has the capacity to respond to the stimulation of nervous impulses or hormones

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6
Q

Contractility

A

Muscle tissue has the capacity to shorten or contract with force

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7
Q

Extensibility

A

Muscle tissue can stretch beyond (within reason) resting length

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8
Q

Elasticity

A

Muscle tissue returns (recoils) to resting length after being stretched

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9
Q

List the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, smooth (visceral) muscle tissue

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10
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Is primarily attached to bones. It is striated and voluntary.

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11
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Forms the wall of the heart. It is striated and involuntary.

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12
Q

Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue

A

Is located in the viscera. It nonstriated (smooth) and involuntary.

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13
Q

Describe the 5 key functions of muscle

A
  1. Produces body movements
  2. Stabilizes body positions
  3. Regulates organ volume
  4. Moves substances within the body
  5. Generates heat
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14
Q

Superficial __ separates muscles from skin, functions to provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels, stores fat, and protects muscles from trauma.

A

Fascia (sub Q layer)

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15
Q

Deep __, which lines the body wall and limbs and holds muscles w/similar functions together, allows for the free movement of muscles; carries nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels; and fills the spaces between muscles.

A

Fascia

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16
Q

List the 3 types of connective tissue

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

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17
Q

Epimysium

A

Covers the entire muscle

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18
Q

Perimysium

A

Covers the fasciculi

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19
Q

Endomysium

A

Covers individual muscle fibres

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20
Q

__ and __ attach muscle to bone or muscle to other muscle.

A

Tendons; aponeuroses

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21
Q

__ (containing motor neurons) convey impulses for muscular contraction.

A

Nerves

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22
Q

__ provides nutrients and oxygen for contraction.

A

Blood

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23
Q

__ muscle fibres arise from myoblasts. A few myoblasts persist in mature skeletal muscle as satelite cells.

A

Skeletal

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24
Q

Skeletal muscle consists of fibres (cells) covered by a __.

A

Sarcolemma

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25
Q

__ __ are tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma that quickly spread the muscle action potential to all parts of the muscle.

A

T tubules

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26
Q

__ is the muscle cell cytoplasm which contains a large amount of glycogen for energy production and myoglobin for oxygen storage.

A

Sarcoplasm

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27
Q

Each fibre contains __ that consist of thin and thick filaments (myofilaments).

A

Myofibrils

28
Q

The __ __ encircles each myofibril. It is similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum in non muscle cells; and in the relaxed muscle, it stores calcium ions.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

29
Q

Myofibrils are composed of thick and thin filaments arranged in units called __

A

Sarcomeres

30
Q

Sarcomeres are the basic functional units of a myofibril and show distinct dark (_ band) and light (_ band) areas.

A

A; I

31
Q

A Z disc passes through the centre of the _ band.

A

I

32
Q

Myosin

A

Main component of thick filaments functions as a motor protein.

33
Q

Motor proteins __ or __ their cargo to achieve movement by converting energy from ATP into the mechanical energy of motion or force.

A

Push or pull

34
Q

Actin

A

The main component of thin filaments, has myosin binding sites where myosin heads attach to produce the sliding together of the filaments.

35
Q

Describe the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

Muscle action potentials arise at the neuromuscular junction, which is the synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fibre.

36
Q

A __ __ is a nerve and the muscle fibres it stimulates.

A

Motor unit

37
Q

A __ is a region of communication between 2 neurons or a neuron and a target cell. The 2 neurons or a neuron and a target cell are separated by a gap, or a synaptic cleft.

A

Synapse

38
Q

The neurotransmitters at an NMJ is __

A

Acetylcholine ACh

39
Q

A __ __ __ elicits a muscle action potential through the release of acetylcholine, the activation of ACh receptors, the production of a muscle action potential and the termination of ACh activity

A

Nerve action potential

40
Q

Watch the video on muscles to understand the sliding filament mechanism

A

Did you watch both parts you cheater?

41
Q

A sustained partial contraction of portions of a relaxed skeletal muscle results in a firmness known as __ __.

A

Muscle tone

42
Q

At any given moment, a few muscle fibres within a muscle are contracted, while most are relaxed. This small amount of contraction is essential for maintaining __.

A

Posture

43
Q

List 3 sources for ATP production in cells

A

Creating phosphate, anaerobic cellular respiration, aerobic cellular respiration

44
Q

Creating phosphate

A

Can power maximal muscle contraction for about 15 seconds and is used for maximal short bursts of energy. Creatine phosphate is unique to muscle fibres.

45
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration (glycosis)

A

Can provide enough energy for about 30-40 seconds

46
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration (reactions requiring oxygen)

A

Completes the oxidation of glucose via cellular respiration and provides energy for prolonged activity

47
Q

Muscle tissue has 2 sources of oxygen:

A

Diffusion from the blood and release by myoglobin inside muscle fibres

48
Q

The inability of a muscle to maintain its strength of contraction or tension is called __ __ which occurs when a muscle cannot produce enough ATP to meet its needs.

A

Muscle fatigue

49
Q

Define a twich

A

A twitch contraction is a brief contraction of all the muscle fibres in a motor unit in response to a single action potential.

50
Q

A twitch contraction I closed 3 periods:

A

Latent, contraction and relaxation

51
Q

__ __ is the increased strength of a contraction, which is the result of the application of a second stimulus before the muscle has completely relaxed after a previous stimulus.

A

Wave summation

52
Q

A sustained muscle contraction that permits partial relaxation b/w stimuli is called __ (__) __.

A

Incomplete (unfused) tetanus

53
Q

A sustained contraction that lacks even partial relaxation b/w stimuli is called __ (__) __.

A

Complete (fused) tetanus

54
Q

On the basis of structure and function, skeletal muscle fibres are classified as:

A

Slow oxidative
Fast oxidative-glycolytic
Fast glycolytic fibres

55
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

A contraction that occurs when the tension in the muscle remains the same but the muscle shortens.
Lifting a textbook from a table (or cup of coffee)

56
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Is a contraction that occurs when tension is applied to a muscle but it does not shorten.
Carrying a box of books (trying to pick up a building)

57
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the __ __.

A

Heart wall

58
Q

Cardiac muscle fibres connect to adjacent fibres by intercalated discs that contain __ and __ __.

A

Desmososomes; gap junctions

59
Q

Cardiac muscle contractions last longer than the skeletal muscle twotch due to the prolonged delivery of __ __ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the extracellular fluid.

A

Calcium ions

60
Q

Cardiac muscle fibres contract when stimulated by their own __ __.

A

Autorhythmic fibres

61
Q

Smooth muscle tissue is non striated and involuntary. List it’s 2 types:

A

Visceral (single unit) smooth muscle

Multiunit smooth muscle

62
Q

Visceral (single unit) smooth muscle

A

Found in the walls of hollow viscera and small blood vessels; it’s fibres are arranged in a network; and the fibres contract as a unit.

63
Q

Multiunit smooth muscle

A

Is found in large blood vessels, large airways, arrector pili muscles, and the iris of the eye. The fibres operate singly rather than as a unit.

64
Q

In smooth muscle, the regulator protein that binds calcium ions in the cytosol is __.

A

Calmodulin

65
Q

The prolonged presence of calcium ions in the cytosol of smooth muscle fibres provides for smooth __ __, a state of continued partial contraction.

A

Muscle tone

66
Q

Smooth muscle fibres can stretch considerably w/o developing tension; this phenomenon is called the __-__ __.

A

Stress-relaxation response

BIOL 1593 Midterm 2 (10 decks)

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