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Histology and Embryology > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the connective tissue of the CNS collectively called?

A

Meninges

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2
Q

What type of cells does axial and appendicular skeletal tissue arise from?

A

Mesenchymal cells

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3
Q

Where do the cells of the axial and appendicular skeletal tissue specifically arise from?

A

Axial (vertebrae & ribs)
Sclerotome of Somites

Appendicular (limb & limb girdles)
Lateral plate mesoderm (mesenchyme) –> limb bud –> apical ectodermal ridge –> zone of polarizing activity

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4
Q

Head: Some cranial bones (e.g. those making up the roof and much of the base of the skull) are __________ in origin

A

mesodermal

messy skin

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5
Q

The facial bones and some of the bones covering the brain arise
from mesenchyme derived from the ____________ _________ _________.

A

ectodermal neural crest

would say ‘eck’ to facial bones

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6
Q

What are the 2 major methods of bone formation?

A

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

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7
Q

Intramembranous ossification is a direct conversion of what?

A

mesenchymal cells into bone tissue

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8
Q

Endochondral ossification converts cells into what?

A

forms cartilage models of the mesenchymal cells 1st and then the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue

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9
Q

What is the source of flat bones?

A

intramembranous ossification

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10
Q

Cells that form new bone are called _________? . Cells that break down bone are called________?

A

osteoblasts (bone building)
osteoclasts (claw and tear it down)

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11
Q

The limbs of the embryo develop on the _____________side of the body and are covered by ___________.

A

ventrolateral ; ectoderm

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12
Q

Forming limbs are called?

A

limb buds

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13
Q

At the tip of the limb bud, the ectoderm is thickened forming the ________ _______ _______. This is a pivotal role in the organization of limb development.

A

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

limbs of ape

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14
Q

How the limb is patterned along the craniocaudal axis is regulated by _______ of _________ _______. This is a cluster of cells at the caudal border of the limb near the flank.

A

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

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15
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A

1) bones (skeleton)
2) associated cartilage & joints

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16
Q

What is its function of the skeletal system?

A

1) supports and protects the body
2) stores nutrients (minerals & fat)
3)contains hematopoietic tissue (blood cell production - bone marrow)

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17
Q

How is connective tissue active and dynamic?

A

it is constantly breaking down, regenerating, and repairing itself

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18
Q

What is stored in the bones?

A

-minerals like calcium and phosphate
-hematopoiesis
-hormones like osteocalcin to regulate osteoblasts and osteoclast activity & regulate glucose intolerance for diabetes

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19
Q

What are the 3 parts of the bone?

A

diaphysis (long shaft)
metaphysis (end of the long shaft, thin layer in middle between the two)
epiphysis (ends of bone)

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A

red (makes red blood cells)
yellow (stores energy as fat)

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21
Q

What type of microscopic bone tissue is represented by cortical (dense) and cancellous (spongy) in mature skeletons?

A

lamellar

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22
Q

How is lamellar bone arranged?

*Remember 3 L’s

A

arranged in layers of lamellae with collagen fibers aligned in a parallel pattern which alternates orientation between successive lamellae. this is what gives bones their strength

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23
Q

What are the 2 microscopic types of bone tissues?

A

1) lamellar (mature bone)
2) woven (fetal devel. & early life & repair)

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24
Q

Which bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

All bones except upper and lower extremities (appendicular skeleton)

arms and legs swing like a pendulum on a grandfather clock

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25
What are the 4 types of bones in the body & examples?
1) Long bones (humerus, femur) 2) Short bones (carpals, tarsals) 3) Flat bones (clavicle, skull) 4) Irregular (vertebrae)
26
What are found within the *lacunae* between the *lamellae* with interconnecting canaliculi containing dendritic processes?
osteocytes
27
What type of bone is woven bone tissue?
1) present in fetal development 2) present in early stages of bone repair 3) forms quickly but is replaced by stronger lamellar bone | weave a basket (baby development), weave the break back together (early
28
What are the 2 morphologic types of bones that you can see (gross level)?
1) cortical 2) cancellous
29
Describe cortical bone tissue?
1) Compact, dense 2) Around spongy bone 3) Has osteons.
30
Describe cancellous bone tissue?
1) Inner layer 2) Porous (honey-comb looking (trabeculae) 3) In flat bones, vertebrae, and the **epiphysis (ends)** and a little bit of the **metaphysis** of long bones.
31
What is the outer covering "skin" of the bone called?
periosteum
32
What are the 3 main types of bone cells?
osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
33
The external covering (periosteum) & internal (endosteum) surfaces of bones are lined by CT which contain _________ or _________ stem cells, which give rise to ______ and ________.
osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) stem cells,; osteoblasts / osteocytes
34
These cells are derived from a fusion of marrow-derived monocyte lineage (ie have similarities to macrophages)?
osteoclasts
35
What arises from osteoprogenitor cells producing the bone matrix?
osteoblasts
36
Describe osteoblasts shape, secretion, and function. How many undergo apoptosis?
1) They are single, cuboid cell along the surface of the bone. 2) Secrete osteoid which becomes mineralized & some become osteocytes 3) Some remain flat and act as a covering. 4) Most
37
What does the bone matrix consist of? What % each?
Organic (osteoid) ~35% Inorganic (mineral) ~65%
38
What is the organic bone matrix made composed of?
1) ~**90% type 1 collagen** 2) Small amounts of chondroitin sulfate (cartilage stuff) and adhesive glycoproteins (osteonectin) 3) Some calcium-binding proteins (osteocalcin) 4) Matrix vessels with phosphates that promote mineralization.
39
What is the inorganic bone matrix made composed of?
1) Most abundant mineral **calcium phosphate crystals** like (hydroxyapatite-like Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) 2) plus, some noncrystalline calcium phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+)
40
What is the thin CT layer that lines the **internal surfaces** of bone (surfaces of medullary cavity, trabecula & osteon canals)?
endosteum
41
Describe the endosteum layer?
Thin lining layer of osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts & bone lining cells, within a **sparse** CT matrix
42
What can also be present in the endosteum in regions of active bone resorption?
osteoclasts
43
Describe the periosteum layer?
Outer fibrous layer (dense CT): with bundles of periosteal collagen (perforating fibers), that **bind the periosteum to the subjacent bone matrix and periosteal blood vessels that branch & penetrate the bone**
44
1) What is found on the inner cellular layer of the periosteum 2) (It is also called ____)?
1) osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and bone lining cells 2) cambium
45
What is the origin of the sternum?
Mesoderm in ventral body wall
46
What are the 2 parts of the vertebral skull?
neurocranium and viscerocranium
47
Where is the last place that fat is broken down for **energy**?
bone marrow
48
In the most basic form, what makes up the skeletal system?
bones, cartilage, and joints
49
Is woven bone lamellar or nonlamellar? How are the collagen fibers arranged?
nonlamellar ; random collagen fibers
50
What are the main roles in the bones of the adult skeleton?
*Provide solid support / protection *Allow movement *Storage of reserve minerals *Encloses marrow cavities containing bone marrow
51
What are the main characteristics in the bones of the adult skeleton?
*Adult bones have specialized CT w/ calcified extracellular material (bone matrix) *Periosteum (external layer) & Endosteum (internal) lined by *CT & contain osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) stem cells --> Osteoblasts & Osteocytes
52
What are the main characteristics of osteoblasts?
*Simple cuboidal cells on the bone surface *Bone matrix producing cells
53
What are the main characteristics of the bone matrix producing cells?
*Some osteoblasts secrete Osteoid (consisting organic: Type 1 collagen, proteoglycans, osteonectin) & Osteocalcin on surface of pre-existing bone matrix --> deposit inorganic mineral --> bone mineralizes --> become Osteocytes *Most Osteoblasts undergo Apoptosis (other necrosis - bad)
54
What are the main characteristics of osteocytes?
*Have dendritic processes w/ small canals (canaliculi) *Communicate w/ each other & nearby osteoblasts via Gap junctions at ends of dendritic processes --> mechanoreceptors detect mechanical load / stress / damage --> **trigger repair mechanisms**
55
What are the main characteristics of osteoclasts?
*Large multinucleated cells arose from monocytes (Hint: our bone macrophages) *Remove mineralized bone matrix during bone growth (modeling) & continuous turnover (remodeling) *Active osteoclasts lie in Resorption (Howship) lacunae where there adhere & resorb inorganic (mineral) & organic (osteoid) matrix
56
When the bone is in modeling, it is called? When bone is in remodeling, it is called?
growth ; turnover
57
What is the most abundant mineral in the bone?
calcium phosphate crystals
58
Which type cells differentiate into the joint capsule?
mesenchymal cells
59
What is chrondrogenesis?
formation of cartilage
60
What is produced when chondrogenesis is halted, a cartilaginous condensation occurs at a bone interzone?
joint formation = apoptosis cell death ??
61
What are the 3 different types of joints?
1) fibrous 2) cartilaginous 3) synovial (diarthrodial)
62
What are the characteristics of fibrous joints, give examples?
1) fibrous tissue 2) little-to-no motion 3) forms sutures (fuses thef skull) syndesmosis (radius/ulna, tibia/fibula) gomphosis (anchors tooth to the gum)
63
What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints, give examples?
1) United by hyaline or fibrocartilage 2) Great strength w/ limited mobility 3) Forms Synchondroses (growth plate cartilage end of long bones) Symphyses (intervertebral disks, mandibular/pubic symphyses)
64
What is the most common and complex joint type? It allows movement between bones.
synovial diarthrodial
65
What are the characteristics of synovial diarthrodial joints? What 5 things make up the joint?
1) Most common joint type 2) LOTS of movement 3) Comprised of: *1 Articular Capsule *2 Articular Cartilage, *3 Ligaments *4 Synovial membrane, & *5 Synovial fluid
66
Describe the articular capsule of the synovial diarthrodial joint?
1) surrounds each joint 2) thick, outer fibrous layer for stability 3) synovial membrane
67
Describe the ligaments of synovial diarthrodial joints?
They are bands of fibrous tissues connecting joints to stabilize, support & strengthen them. Some joints are intra-articular, like ACL, MCL cruciate ligaments of the knee.
68
Describe the articular cartilage of synovial diarthrodial joints?
1) hyaline cartilage covers the ends of long bones 2) lacks blood, lymphatic vessels and nerves 3) poor regenerative capacity. If there is necrosis / loss of the cartilage remains generally unrepaired
69
Describe the synovial membrane of synovial diarthrodial joints?
1) Thin membranes that have discrete villi 2) Superficially lined by synoviocytes, types A and B.
70
Describe the fluid of synovial diarthrodial joints?
Viscous, yellow, clear-like fluid that contains hyaluronan & proteoglycans & few leukocytes
71
Synovial Membrane has Type A - _________ with phagocytic activity from monocytes Type B - ________ that produce the synovial fluid
macrophage-like ; fibroblasts - like
72
What is the function of the synovial fluid?
decrease the friction and nourish the articular cartilage
73
During chondrogenesis, cartilage is formed from _________tissue - then differentiates into ________. Then, it secretes molecules of ______ that surrounds / encloses the cells in their lacunae (cavities) → to become _________.
mesenchymal tissue ; chondroblasts; ECM ; chondrocytes
74
Where is permanent cartilage found?
Adult nose, ear (pinna) or bronchus
75
Where is temporary cartilage found?
Developing fetus skeleton, endochondral ossification, and epiphyseal growth plates of long bones
76
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone made of?
1) Collagen 2) Elastic fibers 3) Glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronan / proteoglycans) 4) Glycoproteins (chondronectin)
77
What is cartilage and its characteristics?
Chondronectin (glycoprotein) but has no nerves or vascular portion.
78
How do nutrients and oxygen get to the chondronectin?
diffusion from nearby perichondrium, bone, and/or joint fluid
79
What are the 3 main types of cartilage?
hyaline elastic fibrocartilage
80
What is the most common type of cartilage?
hyaline
81
H2O bound to GAGs = ___% weight of cartilage?
70%
82
What is the **difference** in the dense, connective tissues periosteum vs perichondrium?
1) Periosteum covers all the bones, no joints & does not deliver nutrients to bones. 2) Perichondrium lines the cartilage on developing bones and provides nutrients to cartilage. (supports growth and maintenance)
83
Within cartilage, chondrocytes can also divide, and the resulting daughter cells initially are in closely associated clonal groups, called __________ _ _______ or nests.
isogenous groups
84
What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?
1) more flexible than hyaline cartilage (like ear, epiglottis) 2)
85
Histology, how would you describe elastic cartilage?
Similar to hyaline cartilage with its perichondrium, but the matrix contains meshwork of elastic fibers with collagen type 2.
86
How would you describe fibrocartilage& examples where you would find this?
*tough & cushioning support for bones *found in intervertebral discs, pubic and mandibular symphysis & menisci of stifle joint & where some ligaments attach to bones.
87
What is the stifle joint?
Equivalent to the human knee in quadruped like sheep, horse, dog.
88
Histologically: Fibercartilage is a mixture of _______ cartilage (with chondrocytes often aligned in rows) and dense fibrous CT (which provides increased tensile strength); has no distinct __________.
hyaline ; perichondrium
89
Once cartilage is formed, how does it get bigger? (2 ways)
interstitial growth & appositional growth
90
What is the perichondrium made up?
fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, blood vessels, and small nerves
91
Describe interstitial growth of the fibrocartilage:
Occurs via mitotic division of preexisting chondrocytes in the lacunae. Occurs in the growth plate and articular cartilage but no perichondrium to nourish it.
92
Describe appositional growth of the fibrocartilage:
Mitosis of stem cells in inner perichondrium creating chondroblasts --> produce & surround matrix --> become chondrocytes
93
What is circled in orange?
Osteocytes in bone
94
What is orange, green, & blue respectively?
Osteon, lacunae, & concentric lamellae
95
96
97
98
What type of tissue is this?
Articular cartilage
99
What is labeled A-D?
100
What kind of tissue
101
What kind of cartilage?
Elastic
102
What kind of cartilage and & how can you tell?
- Fibrocartilage - Dense CT layers, Chondrocytes are more flattened & linear, Matrix is more eosinophilic, NO perichondrium
103
Look at the differences in cartilage
104
True or False? Type II collagen is present in fibrocartilage
False Type I collagen is present in fibrocartilage

Histology and Embryology (20 decks)

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