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Histology and Embryology > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermal keratinocytes develop from the __________.

A

Surface ectoderm

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2
Q

Melanocytes and Merkel cells are derived from _________.

A

neural crest cells

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3
Q

Langerhans cells arise from ___________ and replenish themselves.

A

fetal liver precursors

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4
Q

Similar to microglia, which cells can contribute in times of need in the fetal liver?

A

alveolar macrophages, Kupffer cells, and bone marrow

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5
Q

The dermis is derived from _____ (back), _____ (body and limbs), and ____ ( head and neck).

A

somite dermatome (back);
lateral plate mesoderm (body and limbs);
neural crest (head and neck)

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6
Q

The hyodermis (subcutis) is derived from _________.

A

underlying mesoderm/ mesenchyme

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7
Q

What do cutaneous epidermal appendages (adnexa) result from?

A

a series of reciprocal interactions between the epidermis and the underlying mesenchyme

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8
Q

What is skin?

A

The anatomic barrier between the body and the environment;
The direct interface between the owner and the animal

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9
Q

What does the skin adapt to?

A
  • The species and the breed
  • Its function
  • Its location
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10
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The skin

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11
Q

What layers does the skin consist of?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Basal membrane
  • Adnexa (appendages of the skin)
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12
Q

What 4 cell types compose the epidermis composed?

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • Langerhans cells
  • Merkel cells
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13
Q

The basal membrane attaches the ____ to the ___.

A

epidermis; dermis

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14
Q

What does the adnexa consist of?

A
  • hair
  • glands (sebaceous, apocrine, eccrine, circumaural, anal)
  • claws/ nails and hooves
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15
Q

slide 13 photo

A
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16
Q

What is the connective tissue layer that supports the epidermis and binds to the hypodermis (subcutis)?

A

The dermis

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17
Q

What does the dermis consist of?

A
  • fibers 9collagen, reticulin, elastin)
  • ground substance (glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans)
  • cells (fibroblasts, mast cells, histiocytes, smooth muscle)
  • network of vessels (blood, lymph)
  • nerves
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18
Q

What does the hypodermis (subcutis) consist of?

A
  • lipocytes
  • fiber
  • vessels
  • nerves
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19
Q

In the epidermis, the haired area thickness is inversely proportional to ________.

A

the thickness of the hair coat (elephant vs. dog)

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20
Q

In the epidermis, non-haired areas of dogs and cats are ____________.

A

much thicker with a prominent granular layer

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21
Q

What type of epithelium does the epidermis have?

A

stratified squamous
(highly organized with permanent shading and renewing)
(balance between differentiation and desquamation)

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22
Q

Where do keratinocytes arise from?

A

stem cells in the basal layer

differentiate as they move up through spinous, granular, & corneal layers; shedding from the surface

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23
Q

When/ how do keratinocytes differentiate?

A

as they move through the spinous, granular, and corneum layers, and are then shed from the surface

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24
Q

What are the 3 best-studied stem-cell populations capable of self-renewal, and where are they found?

A
  • interfollicular epidermal stem cells (in the basal layer -> epidermis)
  • sebocyte stem cells (base of sebaceous gland-> sebaceous gland)
  • bulge stem cells (below sebaceous gland -> hair follicles)
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25
What are the 4 layers of the epidermis?
1. Stratum basale 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum corneum
26
Keratinocytes are adhered to the underlying basal lamina (basement membrane) by ________.
hemidesmosomes
27
Which epidermis layer has high cohesion between the cells (desmosomes)?
stratum spinosum
28
What binds keratinocytes together?
desmosomes (spot-like anchoring junctions)
29
What is the function of the basal membrane?
Attaches epidermis to dermis
30
What is Adnexa?
Appendages of skin - hair - glands (sebaceous, apocrine, eccrine, circumanal, anal) - claws/nails/hooves
31
Which layer of the epidermis serves as the glue for keratin filaments contained in granules?
stratum granulosum
32
______ ________ nerves mediate touch, temperature, pressure, pain, itch
Sensory afferent nerves
33
______ and ______ are high specialized derivatives of skin composed of hard and soft keratins
claws and hooves
34
________ (_________,______) are a specialized and modified sebaceous gland found at the perineum, prepuce, and base of the tail in dogs.
Hepatoid (Circumanal, perianal)
35
________ and ________ glands have ducts that empty into the lumen of the hair follicle while ________ glands empty directly onto skin surface
Sebaceous and Apocrine glands; Eccrine glands
36
Which epidermal layer is made of anucleated cells admixed with lipids? It has a hydrophobic barrier.
Stratum corneum
37
What does the stratum corneum protect against?
- water loss - friction - microbial invasion
38
What does the stratum corneum consist of?
terminally differentiated cells (squames), which are shed from the surface
39
________ hairs are highly innervated and surrounded by a blood-filled sinus
tactile
40
_________ ___________ ____________ attach to the transmembrane adhesion molecules of desmosomes (desmolein and desmocollin)
keratin intermediate filaments
41
Where do melanocytes synthesize and transfer melanin pigment?
the basal layer of the epidermis
42
The function of the stratum corneum is enabled by the _____.
cell envelope
43
_________ cells are the inducers of a primary ____________ response
dendritic cells; inflammatory response
44
__________ are scattered throughout the basal layer where they synthesize and transfer pigment granules into keratinocytes
melanocytes
45
__________ arise from stem cells in the basal layer and differentiate as they move through spinous, granular, and corneum layers where they are then shed from the surface.
Keratinocytes
46
__________ _______ nerves control vascular resistance, pilomotor responses, and regulation of secretory activities of glands
autonomic motor
47
_____________ cells are responsible for immunosurveillance. They become damaged and interefere with their APC function when exposed to UVB.
Langerhans cells
48
A nail that is big enough to bear weight is called a ____ and is found in _______ animals
hoof; ungulate
49
What are Langerhans cells?
antigen-presenting (dendritic) cells scattered throughout the epidermis
50
merkel cells
51
Hhair is produced in hair follicles by _____ cells overlying the ___ _____ in the bulb region of the follicle.
matric cells; dermal papillae
52
anal sacs are an example of a specialized ________ gland. It is forund ventrolateral to the rectum in carnivores with ducts emptying directly into the rectum.
apocrine gland
53
Anal sacs are lined by _________ ________ __________ epithelium.
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
54
Basal lamina provides adherence between the ___________ and _____________ attached by anchoring fibrils
epidermis and dermis
55
The cascade of mast cells:
detect stimuli secrete inflammatory mediators, cytokines, chemokines activation of endothelial cells migration of leukocytes immune reaction type 1 and 4
56
What is the deepest germinal cell layer of the epidermis?
stratum basale
57
The dermis consists of what 3 types of fibers?
- reticulin - collagen - elastin
58
The dermis consists of what types of cells?
- Fibroblasts - mast cells - histiocytes - smooth muscle
59
Dermis is a layer of _________ _____ supporting the epidermis and bound to the hypodermis (subcutis)
connective tissue
60
Dogs and cats have ___________ hair follicles
compound
61

Histology and Embryology (20 decks)

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