The Skeletal System Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What are the parts of the skeletal system
A
Bones, Joints, Cartilages, and ligaments
2
Q
How many named bones does the adult skeleton have
A
206
3
Q
What are the 2 divisions of the skeleton
A
- Axial Skeleton
- Appendicular Skeleton
4
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
forms the longitudinal axis of the body
- includes bones of skull, vertebral column and rib cage
- 80 bones
5
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
- Bones of upper/lower limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton
- help in locomotion and manipulation
-126 bones
6
Q
What are the functions of the bones
A
- support
- protection
- movement
- storage
- blood cell formation/ hematopoiesis
- triglyceride storage
- hormone production
7
Q
Bones are classified by their
A
shape and size
8
Q
Long bones
A
- longer than they are wide (shafts with ends)
- all limb bones are long bones except patella and wrist and ankle bones
9
Q
Short bones
A
- roughly cube shaped
- bones of the wrist and ankle
10
Q
Sesamoid bones
A
short bones that form in a tendon
- patella
- act to alter the pull of a tendon
11
Q
Flat bones
A
thin, flattened, and usually curved
- sternum, scapula, ribs, and most skull bones
12
Q
Irregular bones
A
complicated shaped that fit none of the above
- vertebrae and hip bones
13
Q
Besides osseous tissue bones also contain
A
- nervous tissue
- cartilage
- dense connective tissue
- epithelial tissues
14
Q
Every bone has 2 basic types of bone or osseous tissue
A
- compact bone
- spongy bone
15
Q
compact bone
A
dense outer layer that looks smooth, homogeneous, and solid
16
Q
spongy bone
A
a honeycomb of small, needle-like pieces of bone called TRABECULAE
- open spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red or yellow bone marrow
17
Q
The compact bone is covered outside and inside by connective tissue membranes known as
A
- periosteum
- endosteum
18
Q
All long bones have the same general structure
A
- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis
19
Q
Diaphysis
A
- Tubular shaft
- Collar of compact bone surrounding a central MEDULLARY CAVITY
- medullary cavity contains YELLOW BONE MARROW in adults
20
Q
Epiphysis
A
- exterior made compact bone, and interior contains spongy tissue
- Thin layer of HYALINE CARTILAGE covers joint surface of each epiphysis (epiphyseal cartilage)
21
Q
Between the diaphysis and epiphysis of an adult long bone is a __ which is a remnant of the ____
A
- epiphyseal line
- epiphyseal plate
22
Q
Epiphyseal plate
A
a disc of HYALINE CARTILAGE that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone
23
Q
Epiphyseal line
A
end of puberty, hormones inhibit long bone growth
- epiphyseal plates have been completely REPLACED BY BONE leaving behind only epiphyseal lines
24
Q
periosteum
A
covers external surface of entire bone except the JOINT SURFACES which is covered by the hyaline cartilage
25
Periosteum is richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels which pass through the shaft to enter the marrow cavity through a
Nutrient Foramen
26
Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
tufts of collagen fibers secure the periosteum to underlying bone
27
Hematopoiesis
Stem cells of the red bone marrow produces all the blood cells
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
28
Projections, depressions, openings
sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, as joint surfaces or as conduits for blood vessels and nerves called FORAMINA
29
Projections/ processes
grow out from the bone surface
- tuberosity
- trochanter
- spine
- process
30
tuberosity
large rounded projection (tibial tuberosity)
31
trochanter
very large blunt irregularly shaped process
( greater and lesser trochanter of femur)
32
spine
sharp, slender, pointed projection (ischial spine)
33
process
any bony prominence (transverse process)
34
crest
narrow ridge of bone
35
projections that help to form joints
- head
bony expansions carried on a narrow neck
- condyle
rounded articular projection
36
depressions
indentations in the bone
37
openings
- foramen
rounded or oval opening through a bone
(foramen magnum)
38
other bone markings
sinus and fossa
39
sinus
cavity within a bone (paranasal sinuses)
40
fossa
shallow, basin like depression (olecranon fossa)
41
* microscopic anatomy
- cells of bone tissues
42
what are the 4 major cell types that populate bone tissue
( compact bones)
- osteogenic cells
-osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
43
osteogenic cells
(compact bones)
mitotically active stem cells found in the periosteum and endosteum
44
osteoblasts
(compact bones)
bone forming cells that secrete the bone matrix including collagen and calcium binding proteins
45
osteocytes
(compact bones)
spider-shaped, are mature bone cells that occupy spaces, LACUNAE, in the matrix
46
Osteoclasts
(compact bones)
bone destroying cells
47
* microscopic structure
- histology of compact bone
48
osteon (haversian system)
(compact bone)
structural unit of compact bone containing central canal and matrix rings
49
central (haversian) canal
(compact bone)
an elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone
50
Lamellae
(compact bone)
hollow tubes of bone matrix arranges in concentric rings around the central canal, like the growth rings of a tree trunk
51
Lacunae
(compact bone)
- cavities containing osteocytes
- located at junctions of the lamellae
52
osteocytes
(compact bone)
bone cells
53
perforating (volkmann's) canals
(compact bone)
- lie at right angles to the central canal
- carry blood vessels and nerves of the medullary cavity to the central canals
54
canaliculi
(compact bone)
- tiny, hair-like canals
- radiate from the central canal, connect the lacunae to each other
55
* microscopic structure of spongy bone
only a few cells thick, TRABECULAE contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi
- NO OSTEONS ARE PRESENT
56
Chemical composition of bone
bone contains both organic and inorganic substances
57
organic components
- bone cells
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
- ground substance
OSTEOID is composed of proteogycans and glycoproteins and collagen fibers
58
inorganic components
- mineral salts such as calcium phosphates
- responsible for their exceptional hardness
59
*formation of the human skeleton
60
before 8 weeks
the embryonic skeleton is constructed entirely from fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage
61
after 8 weeks
two types of ossification take place
62
Intramembranous Ossification
development of bone from the fibrous membranes
63
Endochondral Ossification
replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone
64
* Bone growth (ossification)
65
linear growth
growth in length of a long bone occurs at the EPIPHYSEAL PLATE during childhood
66
As adolescence ends, plate becomes thinner and thinner until entirely replaced by
Bone tissue (Ossification) at the EPIPHYSEAL LINE
67
appositional growth
growing bones widen as they lengthen
68
* Bone remodeling
69
Bone growth during infancy and childhood is controlled by hormones such as
- growth hormone
- thyroid hormones
- sex hormones
70
growth hormone
the stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity
71
thyroid hormones
modulates the activity of the growth hormone
72
Sex hormones
at puberty, testosterone in males and estrogen in females induce epiphyseal closure
73
* bone fractures
74
fracture
a break in a bone
75
Fractures may be classified based on
- position of bone ends after fracture
- completeness of the break
- whether bone ends penetrate the skin
76
position of bone ends after fracture
- nondisplaced fracture
- displaced fracture
77
completeness of the break
- complete fracture
- incomplete fracture
78
whether bone ends penetrate the skin
- open (compound) fracture
- closed (simple) fracture
79
* common types of fractures
- comminuted
- compression
- depressed
- impacted
- spiral
- transverse
- green stick
80
comminuted
bone breaks into many fragments
81
compression
bone is crushed
82
depressed
broken bone portion is pressed inward
83
impacted
broken bone ends are forced into each other
84
spiral
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
85
transverse
bone broken horizontally
86
greenstick
bone breaks incompletely
87
Four major events
1. hematoma forms
2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. bony callus forms
4. bone remodeling occurs
88
hematoma forms
when a bone breaks, blood vessels are torn and hemorrhage results in a mass of clotted blood is formed at the fracture site
89
fibrocartilaginous callus forms
within few days capillaries grow into the hematoma, and fibroblasts, and cartilage, and osteogeic cells invade fracture site
- begin reconstructing the bone forming a soft granulation tissue or soft callus
90
bony callus forms
within a week, new bone trabeculae appear and gradually convert it to body or hard callus
91
bone remodeling occurs
bony callus is remodeled and removal of exess material on the diaphysis within the medullary cavity and compact bone is laid down to reconstruct the shaft walls
