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A&P Module 3 > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the skeletal system

A

Bones, Joints, Cartilages, and ligaments

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2
Q

How many named bones does the adult skeleton have

A

206

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the skeleton

A
  • Axial Skeleton
  • Appendicular Skeleton
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4
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

forms the longitudinal axis of the body
- includes bones of skull, vertebral column and rib cage
- 80 bones

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5
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • Bones of upper/lower limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton
  • help in locomotion and manipulation
    -126 bones
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6
Q

What are the functions of the bones

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • storage
  • blood cell formation/ hematopoiesis
  • triglyceride storage
  • hormone production
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7
Q

Bones are classified by their

A

shape and size

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8
Q

Long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide (shafts with ends)
  • all limb bones are long bones except patella and wrist and ankle bones
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9
Q

Short bones

A
  • roughly cube shaped
  • bones of the wrist and ankle
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10
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

short bones that form in a tendon
- patella
- act to alter the pull of a tendon

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11
Q

Flat bones

A

thin, flattened, and usually curved
- sternum, scapula, ribs, and most skull bones

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12
Q

Irregular bones

A

complicated shaped that fit none of the above
- vertebrae and hip bones

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13
Q

Besides osseous tissue bones also contain

A
  • nervous tissue
  • cartilage
  • dense connective tissue
  • epithelial tissues
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14
Q

Every bone has 2 basic types of bone or osseous tissue

A
  • compact bone
  • spongy bone
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15
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer layer that looks smooth, homogeneous, and solid

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16
Q

spongy bone

A

a honeycomb of small, needle-like pieces of bone called TRABECULAE
- open spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red or yellow bone marrow

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17
Q

The compact bone is covered outside and inside by connective tissue membranes known as

A
  • periosteum
  • endosteum
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18
Q

All long bones have the same general structure

A
  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphysis
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19
Q

Diaphysis

A
  • Tubular shaft
  • Collar of compact bone surrounding a central MEDULLARY CAVITY
  • medullary cavity contains YELLOW BONE MARROW in adults
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20
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • exterior made compact bone, and interior contains spongy tissue
  • Thin layer of HYALINE CARTILAGE covers joint surface of each epiphysis (epiphyseal cartilage)
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21
Q

Between the diaphysis and epiphysis of an adult long bone is a __ which is a remnant of the ____

A
  1. epiphyseal line
  2. epiphyseal plate
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22
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

a disc of HYALINE CARTILAGE that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

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23
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

end of puberty, hormones inhibit long bone growth
- epiphyseal plates have been completely REPLACED BY BONE leaving behind only epiphyseal lines

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24
Q

periosteum

A

covers external surface of entire bone except the JOINT SURFACES which is covered by the hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

Periosteum is richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels which pass through the shaft to enter the marrow cavity through a

A

Nutrient Foramen

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26
Q

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

A

tufts of collagen fibers secure the periosteum to underlying bone

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27
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Stem cells of the red bone marrow produces all the blood cells
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets

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28
Q

Projections, depressions, openings

A

sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, as joint surfaces or as conduits for blood vessels and nerves called FORAMINA

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29
Q

Projections/ processes

A

grow out from the bone surface
- tuberosity
- trochanter
- spine
- process

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30
Q

tuberosity

A

large rounded projection (tibial tuberosity)

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31
Q

trochanter

A

very large blunt irregularly shaped process
( greater and lesser trochanter of femur)

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32
Q

spine

A

sharp, slender, pointed projection (ischial spine)

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33
Q

process

A

any bony prominence (transverse process)

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34
Q

crest

A

narrow ridge of bone

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35
Q

projections that help to form joints

A
  • head
    bony expansions carried on a narrow neck
  • condyle
    rounded articular projection
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36
Q

depressions

A

indentations in the bone

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37
Q

openings

A
  • foramen
    rounded or oval opening through a bone
    (foramen magnum)
38
Q

other bone markings

A

sinus and fossa

39
Q

sinus

A

cavity within a bone (paranasal sinuses)

40
Q

fossa

A

shallow, basin like depression (olecranon fossa)

41
Q
  • microscopic anatomy
  • cells of bone tissues
A
42
Q

what are the 4 major cell types that populate bone tissue
( compact bones)

A
  • osteogenic cells
    -osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
43
Q

osteogenic cells
(compact bones)

A

mitotically active stem cells found in the periosteum and endosteum

44
Q

osteoblasts
(compact bones)

A

bone forming cells that secrete the bone matrix including collagen and calcium binding proteins

45
Q

osteocytes
(compact bones)

A

spider-shaped, are mature bone cells that occupy spaces, LACUNAE, in the matrix

46
Q

Osteoclasts
(compact bones)

A

bone destroying cells

47
Q
  • microscopic structure
  • histology of compact bone
A
48
Q

osteon (haversian system)
(compact bone)

A

structural unit of compact bone containing central canal and matrix rings

49
Q

central (haversian) canal
(compact bone)

A

an elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone

50
Q

Lamellae
(compact bone)

A

hollow tubes of bone matrix arranges in concentric rings around the central canal, like the growth rings of a tree trunk

51
Q

Lacunae
(compact bone)

A
  • cavities containing osteocytes
  • located at junctions of the lamellae
52
Q

osteocytes
(compact bone)

A

bone cells

53
Q

perforating (volkmann’s) canals
(compact bone)

A
  • lie at right angles to the central canal
  • carry blood vessels and nerves of the medullary cavity to the central canals
54
Q

canaliculi
(compact bone)

A
  • tiny, hair-like canals
  • radiate from the central canal, connect the lacunae to each other
55
Q
  • microscopic structure of spongy bone
A

only a few cells thick, TRABECULAE contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi
- NO OSTEONS ARE PRESENT

56
Q

Chemical composition of bone

A

bone contains both organic and inorganic substances

57
Q

organic components

A
  • bone cells
    osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
  • ground substance
    OSTEOID is composed of proteogycans and glycoproteins and collagen fibers
58
Q

inorganic components

A
  • mineral salts such as calcium phosphates
  • responsible for their exceptional hardness
59
Q

*formation of the human skeleton

A
60
Q

before 8 weeks

A

the embryonic skeleton is constructed entirely from fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage

61
Q

after 8 weeks

A

two types of ossification take place

62
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

development of bone from the fibrous membranes

63
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone

64
Q
  • Bone growth (ossification)
A
65
Q

linear growth

A

growth in length of a long bone occurs at the EPIPHYSEAL PLATE during childhood

66
Q

As adolescence ends, plate becomes thinner and thinner until entirely replaced by

A

Bone tissue (Ossification) at the EPIPHYSEAL LINE

67
Q

appositional growth

A

growing bones widen as they lengthen

68
Q
  • Bone remodeling
A
69
Q

Bone growth during infancy and childhood is controlled by hormones such as

A
  • growth hormone
  • thyroid hormones
  • sex hormones
70
Q

growth hormone

A

the stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity

71
Q

thyroid hormones

A

modulates the activity of the growth hormone

72
Q

Sex hormones

A

at puberty, testosterone in males and estrogen in females induce epiphyseal closure

73
Q
  • bone fractures
A
74
Q

fracture

A

a break in a bone

75
Q

Fractures may be classified based on

A
  • position of bone ends after fracture
  • completeness of the break
  • whether bone ends penetrate the skin
76
Q

position of bone ends after fracture

A
  • nondisplaced fracture
  • displaced fracture
77
Q

completeness of the break

A
  • complete fracture
  • incomplete fracture
78
Q

whether bone ends penetrate the skin

A
  • open (compound) fracture
  • closed (simple) fracture
79
Q
  • common types of fractures
A
  • comminuted
  • compression
  • depressed
  • impacted
  • spiral
  • transverse
  • green stick
80
Q

comminuted

A

bone breaks into many fragments

81
Q

compression

A

bone is crushed

82
Q

depressed

A

broken bone portion is pressed inward

83
Q

impacted

A

broken bone ends are forced into each other

84
Q

spiral

A

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

85
Q

transverse

A

bone broken horizontally

86
Q

greenstick

A

bone breaks incompletely

87
Q

Four major events

A
  1. hematoma forms
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. bony callus forms
  4. bone remodeling occurs
88
Q

hematoma forms

A

when a bone breaks, blood vessels are torn and hemorrhage results in a mass of clotted blood is formed at the fracture site

89
Q

fibrocartilaginous callus forms

A

within few days capillaries grow into the hematoma, and fibroblasts, and cartilage, and osteogeic cells invade fracture site
- begin reconstructing the bone forming a soft granulation tissue or soft callus

90
Q

bony callus forms

A

within a week, new bone trabeculae appear and gradually convert it to body or hard callus

91
Q

bone remodeling occurs

A

bony callus is remodeled and removal of exess material on the diaphysis within the medullary cavity and compact bone is laid down to reconstruct the shaft walls

A&P Module 3 (7 decks)

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