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A&P Module 3 > The Appendicular skeleton > Flashcards

The Appendicular skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

The appendicular skeleton is composed of how many bones

A

126

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2
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of

A
  • limbs (bones of the limbs)
  • pectoral girdle
  • pelvic girdle
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3
Q

*Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

A
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4
Q

the pectoral girdle is composed of the two bones known as

A
  • clavicle
  • scapula
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5
Q

the clavicle (collarbone)

A

articulates with the sternum medially and scapula laterally

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6
Q

the scapula (shoulder blade)

A

articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint

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7
Q

the clavicle and scapula allow

A

the upper limb to have free movement

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8
Q
  • what are the bones of the upper limbs
A

-Humerus
- Ulna
- Radius
- Radioulnar joints
- interosseous membrane
- carpals
-metacarpals
-phalanges

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9
Q

Humerus

A

forms the bone of the upper arm
- the head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint
- at the distal end trochlea and capitulum articulates with the bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint

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10
Q

The forearm had two bones

A
  • Ulna (medial)
  • Radium (lateral)
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11
Q

Ulna (medial bone)

A

at the proximal end the coronoid process and olecranon process articulate with the humerus

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12
Q

Radius (lateral bone)

A

at the proximal end the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

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13
Q

radioulnar joints

A

proximal and distal

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14
Q

interosseous membrane

A

holds them together all the way through their length

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15
Q

The hand consists of

A
  • carpals
  • metacarpals
    -phalanges
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16
Q

carpals

A
  • wrist bones
  • 8 bones arranges in 2 rows of 4 bones in each hand
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17
Q

metacarpals

A
  • bones of the palm
  • 5 per hand
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18
Q

phalanges

A
  • bones of the fingers and thumb
  • 14 in each hand
  • in each finger there are 3 bones
  • in the thumb there are only 2 bones
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19
Q
  • what are the bones of the lower limbs
A
  • femur
  • tibia
    -fibula
  • interosseous membrane
    -tarsals
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
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20
Q

femur

A
  • thigh bone
  • heaviest and strongest bone in the body
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21
Q

what is one of the most serious causes of hospitalization among elderly persons

A

hip fracture

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22
Q

The lower leg has two bones called

A
  • tibia (medial)
    -fibula (lateral)
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23
Q

Tibia (medially located)

A
  • shinbone
    medial and lateral condyles at the proximal end articulate with the femur to form the knee joint
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24
Q

Fibula (Lateral)

A

-think and sticklike
-has no part in the forming of the knee joint

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25
Q

tibiofibular joints

A

proximal and distal

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26
Q

interosseous membrane

A

holds the two bones all the way through their length

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27
Q

The foot consists of

A
  • tarsals
  • metatarsals
    -phalanges
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28
Q

tarsals

A
  • 7 bones
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29
Q

what are the 2 largest tarsals

A

-calcaneus (heel bone)
- talus (articulates with the tibia to form the ankle joint)

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30
Q

Metatarsals

A
  • 5 bones form the sole of the foot
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31
Q

phalanges

A
  • 14 bones form the toes
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32
Q

*joints

A
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33
Q

The human body has how many joints

A

230

34
Q

a joint is a

A

functional junction, where 2 bones meet, or articulate

35
Q

functions of the joints

A
  • hold bones together
  • make bone growth possible
  • permits parts of skeleton to change shape during childbirth
  • enables body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions
36
Q

joints are classified as

A

-functionally
-structurally

37
Q

functionally joints

A

according to degree of movement they make possible

38
Q

structurally joints

A

according to the type of tissue that binds the bones together at each junction

39
Q

*functional classification of joints

A
40
Q

There are 3 main types of functional classification of joints

A

-synarthrosis
-amphiarthrosis
-diarthrosis

41
Q

Synarthrosis

A

-immovable
ex: suture between skull bones

42
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A
  • slightly moveable
    ex: pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints
43
Q

what is it called when radius and ulna are joined by a large fibrous tissue band that permits slight movement

A

fibrous amphiarthrosis

44
Q

in most amphiarthrosis, cartilage is used to join the bones described as

A

cartilaginous joints

45
Q

Diarthrosis

A

freely movable joints
- bones in these joints have a potential space between them called the JOINT CAVITY

46
Q

Joint cavity

A

contains small amount of thick, colorless fluid, a lubricant called SYNOVIAL FLUID that is secreted by the lining SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

47
Q

example of diarthrosis

A

shoulder and hip joints

48
Q

Joints are also classified based on the type of material between the adjoining bones known as

A
  • fibrous tissue
  • cartilage
  • or a joint cavity
49
Q

Fibrous joints

A

generally immovable

50
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

for the most part amphiarthrotic
-immovable or slightly moveable

51
Q

synovial joints

A

freely movable

52
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints

A

-sutures
-Gomphosis

53
Q

sutures

A

bound tightly together, immobile
ex: suture between the skull bones
and proximal and distal tibiofibular joints

54
Q

gomphosis

A

a conical process is inserted into a socket-like portion, immobile
ex: tooth located in the alveolar process of the mandible and maxillae

55
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

symphysis

56
Q

symphysis

A

slightly movable or immobile
ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints, hyaline articular cartilage of long bones, cartilaginous joints between ribs and sternum

57
Q

what protects the bony surfaces

A

a smooth layer of hyaline articular cartilage

58
Q

what encloses each joint and is continuous with periosteum of the bones

A

joint capsule of dense connective tissue

59
Q

the joint capsule is composed of

A

an outer layer of ligaments and an inner lining of synovial membrane

60
Q

what are the types of synovial joints

A
  • ball-and-socket joints
  • condyloid joint
  • gliding joint or plane joint
    -hinge joint
    -pivot joint
    -saddle joint
61
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

bone with globular head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone
- permits movement of all planes (shoulder and hip joints)

62
Q

condyloid joint

A

oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone such as in the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges

63
Q

gliding joint or plane joints

A

nearly flat or slightly curved
- joints of the wrist and ankle as well as between adjacent vertebrae

64
Q

Hinge joint

A

convex surface of a bone fits into the concave surface of another
ex; elbow and joint of phalanges

65
Q

pivot joint

A

cylindrical surface of a bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament
-limited movement
ex: joint between the atlas and axis

66
Q

saddle joint

A

forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions
ex: joints between carpal(trapezium)
and metacarpal bones of the thumb

67
Q

flexion

A

bending parts of a joint so that the angle between them decreases and parts come closer together
(bending knee)

68
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin
(walking on heels)

69
Q

plantar flexion

A

movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin
(walking or standing on toes)

70
Q

Extension

A

straightening parts of a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart
(straightening knee)

71
Q

hyperextension

A

extension of parts of a joint beyond anatomical position
(bending the head back beyond the upright position)

72
Q

abduction

A

moving part away from midline

73
Q

adduction

A

moving part toward midline

74
Q

inversion

A

turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially

75
Q

eversion

A

turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally

76
Q

pronation

A

turning the hand so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly

77
Q

supination

A

turning the hand so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly

78
Q

rotation

A

moving a part around an axis

79
Q

circumduction

A

moving part so that its end follows a circular path

80
Q

The bones of the foot are arranges to form 3 strong arches

A
  • 2 longitudinal (medial and lateral)
  • one transverse
81
Q

the arches’ shape is designed to

A

bear the weight of the body and absorbs shock

82
Q

the foot’s flexibility conferred by the arches is what

A

facilitates everyday loco-motor functions such as walking and sprinting

A&P Module 3 (7 decks)

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