The Skeletal + Muscular System Flashcards
Describe the location and function of the deltoids + an example in sport
Location: Rounded, triangular muscle on the uppermost part of the arm and at the top of the shoulder.
Function: Move the arm in all directions at the shoulder.
EIS: Serving in tennis.
Describe the location and function of the pectoralis major + an example in sport
Location: Covers the chest.
Function: Adduct the arm at the shoulder.
EIS: Forehand drive in tennis.
Describe the location and function of the latissimus dorsi + an example in sport
Location: Broad sheet of muscle that extends from the lower reigon of the spine to the bone in the upper arm (humerus).
Function: Adduct and extend the arm at the shoulder.
EIS: Butterfly stroke in swimming.
Describe the location and function of the biceps + an example in sport
Location: Front of the upper arm.
Function: Flex the arm at the elbow.
EIS: Pull up / drawing a bow in archery.
Describe the location and function of the triceps + an example in sport
Location: Back of the upper arm.
Function: Extend the arm at the elbow.
EIS: Press - up / throwing a javelin.
Describe the location and function of the external obliques + an example in sport
Location: To the side of the abdomen, running from the lower half of the ribs down to the pelvis.
Function: Pull the chest down, flex and rotate the spinal column; one side contracting creates a side bend.
EIS: Crunches in the gym.
Describe the location and function of the gluteals + an example in sport
Location: Form the buttocks. Gluteus maximum (the largest) lies just under the skin, and is attached the femur (thigh bone).
Function: Adduct and extend the leg at the hips, pull the leg backwards.
EIS: Pulling back leg before kicking a ball.
Describe the location and function of the hip flexors + an example in sport
Location: Sit deep in front of the hip and connect the leg, pelvis and abdomen.
Function: Flex the hip, help move the leg and knee up towards the body.
EIS: Lifting knees high in sprinting.
Describe the location and function of the quadriceps + an example in sport
Location: Four muscles found on the front of the upper leg.
Function: Extend the leg at the knee.
EIS: Bending the knee before kicking a ball.
Describe the location and function of the hamstrings + an example in sport
Location: Found on the back of the leg, stretching from the bottom part of the pelvis to the tibia (shin bone).
Function: Flex the leg at the knee.
EIS: Bending the knee before kicking a ball.
Describe the location and function of the gastrocnemius + an example in sport
Location: Starts at the back of the femur and comes together with the soleus muscle to form the Achilles tendon at the back of the ankle.
Function: Point the toes (plantar-flexes the ankle), help flex the knee.
EIS: Running.
Explain the muscle movement of flexion and give a sporting example.
EXP: Flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts.
EIS: Someone in the gym performing the upwards phase of a bicep curl.
Explain the muscle movement of extension and give a sporting example.
EXP: Extension is the straightening movement that increases the angle between the body parts.
EIS: A swimmer swinging the arm backwards in preparation for a racing dive.
Explain the muscle movement of abduction and give a sporting example.
EXP: Abduction is the movement that pulls away from the midline of the body.
EIS: A gymnast moving their arms out sideways at the shoulder when performing the ‘crucifix’ on the rings.
Explain the muscle movement of adduction and give a sporting example.
EXP: Adduction is the movement that pulls towards the midline of the body.
EIS: A cricketer bowling a ball.
Explain the muscle movement of rotation and give a sporting example.
EXP: Rotation is the movement around a single axis or pivot joint.
EIS: A swimmer rotating their head to breathe when swimming freestyle.
Explain the muscle movement of circumduction and give a sporting example.
EXP: Circumduction is the movement in a circular or conical shape.
EIS: Serving in tennis.
Explain the muscle movement of plantar-flexion and give a sporting example.
EXP: Plantar-flexion is the movement of extending or pointing the toes down, away from the shin.
EIS: A floor gymnast pointing their toes.
Explain the muscle movement of dorsi-flexion and give a sporting example.
EXP: Dorsi-flexion is the movement of bending or flexing the toes up, closer to the shin.
EIS: When a sprinter positions their feet in the starting blocks.
Explain antagonistic pairs.
Muscles are arranged in 2s, called an antigonistic pair. An antigonistic pair are muscles that work together to create movement. When one muscle contracts and pulls (agonist), the other muscle relaxes (antagonist) to allow the joint to work. E.g during a bicep curl the bicep is the agonist nad the tricep is the antagonist.
Give 4 examples of antagonistic pairs.
-Bicep + Tricep.
-Quadriceps + Hamstrings
-Gastrocnemius + Tibialis anterior
-Hip flexors + Gluteals
Describe the characteristics of Type 1 Slow Twitch muscle fibres and what they are suited to.
-Work aerobically.
-Good oxygen supply.
-High aerobic capacity.
-Low speed and force of contraction.
-Fatigue resistant.
-Darker in colour due to lots of myoglobin (red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle).
SUITED TO: Endurance activities such as running and swimming.
Describe the characteristics of Type lla Fast Twitch muscle fibres and what they’re suited to.
-Work anaerobically.
-High speed and force of contraction.
-Good strength and speed endurance.
-Less fatigue restistance as type 1 / less powerful as llx.
-Lighter in colour (Pinkish).
SUITED TO: Extended, high intensity activities such as hockey and football.
Describe the characteristics of Type llx Fast Twitch muscle fibres.
-Work anaerobically.
-Very high speed and force of contraction.
-Low aerobic capacity.
-Tire quickly.
-White fibres.
SUITED TO: Very high-intensity activities such as shotput, javelin and high jump.
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen -> Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose -> Energy + Lactic acid
What are the short term effect of exercise and why?
-Increased muscle termperature due to increased blood flow.
-Lactic acid build up due to anaerobic respiration.
-Dehydration due to sweating which leads to light headedness and nausea.
-Cramps which are caused by lactic acid or dehydration.
-Muscle fatigue due to lactic acid accumulation.
-Increased carbon dioxide production.
-Increased body temperature.
What are the long term effects of exercise and why?
-Body shape changes - increased muscle and reduced fat.
-Increased tolerance to lactic acid.
-Increased bone strength / density -> reduced risk of osteoporosis.
-Increased thickness and strength of tendons -> reduced risk of injury.
-Increades flexibility.
-Increased size of muscles (hypertrophy) -> increased muscular strength and muscular endurance.
How do muscles create movement?
By contracting and relaxing.
When muscle fibres contract, they pull against the skeleton. muscles cannot push. this is why they are arranged in pairs so the other muscle can pull in the opposite direction. Muscles also define body shape and help maintain posture.
Voluntary muscles can be trained to be stronger and work for longer.
What movements need to occur to perform a bicep curl?
Bones can only move when they are pulled.
The bicep muscle is attached to the bones by a tendon. To lift the arm up, the bicep must contract which means get shorter. This causes the tendon to pull the arm up.
To allow the bicep to contract, the opposite muscle (the tricep) must get longer. We call this relax.
If we want to move the arm back down again, the opposite must happen. this time the tricep must contract and the bicep must relax.
What is myoglobin?
Red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle.
E.g. slow twitch has more myoglobin because it needs more oxygen compared to fast twitch.
What do the muscles and liver store glucose as?
Glycogen.
During exercise glycogen can be converted back to _____________ during exercise. What is the missing word?
Glucose.
What is the definition of aerobic respiration?
Production of energy WITH OXYGEN.
- Usual way of releasing energy for your muscles.
What happens to the waste products in aerobic respiration?
CO2 and water are waste products - they are absorbed by the blood and taken away.
What happens to your muscles to cause anaerobic exercise?
When your muscles have to work really hard, your body can’t deliver enough oxygen to them, so anaerobic respiration begins. Glucose is still used, but there is now a waste product called LACTIC ACID.
What is lactic acid and how do you get rid of it?
Lactic acid is toxic and makes your muscles ache - eventually it causes cramp.
You have to rest while the blood supplies oxygen to your muscles so they can recover.
Lactic acid can still build up during aerobic exercise but much slower!
What are the 5 functions of a skeleton?
- Protect vital organs.
- Muscle attachment.
- Joints for movement.
- Storing calcium + phosphorus.
- Red and white blood cell production.
What is the description and sporting example of the skeletal function: Protect Vital Organs.
- Skull protects the brain, the spine protects the spinal chord. These help keep your body safe during sport.
- When heading a ball in football, your skull protects your brain from that impact.
What is the description and sporting example of the skeletal function: Muscle Attachment.
- The muscles you use in sport need strong points to attach to. Bones provide this framework. the muscles are attached to the bones via tendons.
- When running and using your muscles, the bones make sure you don’t pull them too far.
What is the description and sporting example of the skeletal function: Joints for Movement.
- Joints allow you to make a variety of movement. They are where two or more bones meet. They let the body make a variety of movements. Small = fine (e.g throwing a dart), large = gross (e.g throwing a javelin / kicking a football).
- Throwing a javelin: Smaller movement is adjusting grip, gross (larger) movement is actually throwing it.
What is the description and sporting example of the skeletal function: Storing Calcium and Phosphorus.
- The bones act as a store for calcium and phosphorus, two minerals that are vital for developing and maintaining the strong and healthy bones you need for exercie. Phosphorus also helps to reduce muscle pain after a hard workout.
- A body builder’s diet may consist mainly of calcium so that their bones are strong enough to be able to lift the intense weight they do.
What is the description and sporting example of the skeletal function: Red and White Blood Cell Production.
- Some bones have hollow centres that hold bone marrow, which makes most of the cells of the blood (red and white blood cells plus platelets). Bone marrow responds to your activity and condition to keep you in good shape. This includes making more red blood cells when your oxygen content drops, fighting an infection with more white blood cells and making more platelet to reduce bleeding in a cut.
- If you fall over on netball tarmac and cut yourself in a match, your white blood cell production will increase to repair the wound.
What is the order of the vertebrae in the vertebral column and how many bones do they have?
(TOP) Cervical vertibrae: 7
Thoracic vertebrae: 12
Lumbar vertebrae: 5
Sacrum: 5
Coccyx: 4
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What are the different categories for the bones in our body?
Long bones, short bones, irregular bones, flat bones
What is the description, an example and function in a sport of long bones?
D: Longer than they are wide, have a shaft plus two ends.
Ex: Femur, fibula, radius and phalanges.
IS: Swimming - to generate movement, strength and speed.
What is the description, an example and function in a sport of short bones?
D: Roughly the same size in length, width and thickness.
Ex: Carpals.
IS: Rugby - when being tackled.
What is the description, an example and function in a sport of flat bones?
D: Protect vital organs, offer a good surface for muscles to attach to.
Ex: Cranium.
IS: Football - protects your brain when heading a ball.
What is the description, an example and function in a sport of irregular bones?
D: Have odd shapes and perform a range of functions.
Ex: Vertebrae.
IS: Hockey - first and second vertebrae allow head to rotate; e.g looking for a pass.
What is a joint?
Where two or more bones meet.
What are joints important for?
Movement and rotation. All joints allow movement, although the extent and freedm of movement vary depending on the joint.
What are the 4 types of joint?
Hinge, ball & socket, pivot, condyloid.
Where is the hinge joint found in the body, what kind of movement does it allow and what is an example of sporting action?
- Found in the knee, elbow and ankle.
- Allows forward and backward action.
- Kick a football.
Where is the ball & socket joint found in the body, what kind of movement does it allow and what is an example of sporting action?
- Found in the shoulder and hip.
- Offers more variety and bigger range of movement.
- To serve in tennis.
Where is the pivot joint found in the body, what kind of movement does it allow and what is an example of sporting action?
- Found in the neck.
- Allows movement from side to side.
- Scanning the field in hockey.
Where is the condyloid joint found in the body, what kind of movement does it allow and what is an example of sporting action?
- Found in the wrist.
- Allows circular motion.
- Bowling in cricket.
What is ossification?
The process of development from cartilage to bone.
Describe tendons.
- Attach muscle to bone.
- Non-elastic fibres.
- Pull on bones to allow movement.
- Tendons that are used more are stronger.
Describe ligaments.
- Strong, flexible tissue that connects bone to bone.
- Elastic fibres.
- Maintain joint stability.
