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GCSE PE > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Between the heart and lungs.

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2
Q

Where is the systemic circuit?

A

Between the heart and other organs.

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3
Q

What type of circulatory system is the heart and what does this mean?

A

It is a double circulatory system. It has two separate circuits and blood passes through the heart twice.

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4
Q

List the order of components oxygenated blood passes through to get to the body organs from the lungs.

A

Pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body organs. (PVA)

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5
Q

List the order of components deoxygenated blood passes through to get to the lungs from the body organs.

A

Vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs. (VPA)

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6
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4

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7
Q

How many atria does the heart have and what do they do?

A

2 atria that collect blood as it comes into the heart.

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8
Q

What pumps the blood out of the heart after being in the atria?

A

Ventricles (2)

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9
Q

What do the valves do between the atria and ventricles?

A

They make sure the blood cannot flow backwards.

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10
Q

Which ventricle is thicker and why?

A

The left ventricle, as it has to go right around the body.

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11
Q

Why is the right ventricle thinner?

A

It only has to reach the lungs, so it is thinner.

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12
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

It brings venous (deoxygenated) blood from the body into the right atrium, where it collects.

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13
Q

What is the septum?

A

It divides the heart into two halves.

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14
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

It pumps deoxygenated blood to the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

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15
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs around the rest of the body.

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16
Q

Where does venous blood go after the atrium?

A

It passes through the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.

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17
Q

Where does the blood go after the right ventricle?

A

It passes through the oulmonary (semilunar) valve into the pulmonary artery and onto the lungs, where it picks up oxygen.

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18
Q

What happens to the blood after it picks up oxygen?

A

It returns from the lungs to the heart from the pulmonary vein and collects in the left atrium.

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19
Q

Where does the blood go from the left atrium?

A

It passes through the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve.

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20
Q

What is the final stage of the journey of blood around the body?

A

Oxygenated blood passes througb the aortic (semilunar) valve and is sent round the body through an artery called the aorta.

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21
Q

What are the three main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport, blood clotting, body temperature regulation

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22
Q

What is vasodialation and when does it get used?

A

If the body gets too hot, the blood vessels near to the skin get bigger or dialate so that bloood is diverted towards the surface of the skin to allow heat to radiate out.

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23
Q

What is vasoconstriction and when is it used?

A

If the body gets too cold, the blood vessels get smaller and constrict. Blood is diverted away from the surface of the skin, less heat is lost.

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24
Q

What is hyperthermia and why does it happen?

A

Hyperthermia is when your core body temperature becomes dangerously high - above 37 degrees. It occurs when yout body absorbs or generates more heat than it can release, causing this dangeroud increase in temperature.

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25
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of hyperthermia?

A

Causes: Dehydration, drinking alcohol, taking several drugs, high blood pressure…

Symptoms: Blurred vision, dizziness, fast breathing/ heart rate, fatigue, headache / light headedness…

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26
Q

What is hypothermia and why does it happen?

A

Hypothermia is when your core body temperature becomes dangerously low - below 35 degrees. Hypothermia occurs when your body is losing heat faster than it can produce heat, causing this deangerous drop in temperature.

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27
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of hypothermia?

A

Causes: Not wearing warm clothes in cold weather, falling into cold water, living in a cold house…

Symptoms: Shivering, pale, cold and dry skin, slurred speech, slow breathing, tiredness, confusion…

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28
Q

What is dehydration and why does it happen?

A

When your body does not have as much water as it needs. It occurs when your body loses more fluid than it takes in - the Eatwell Guide says we shoud have 6-8 cups of water a day.

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29
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of dehydration?

A

Causes: Not drinking enough - busy/sick.

Symptoms: Headache, tiredness, dizziness, dry mouth, passing small amounts of urine.

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30
Q

What is core body temperature?

A

Refers to the temperature of the body’s internal organs, such as the heart, liver, brain and blood. A normal body temperature ranges between 36.5 degrees and 37.4 degrees, but readings may vary depending on where it is measured.

31
Q

What is the function, structure, blood pressure and type of blood of arteries?

A

Function: Carry blood away from the heart.
Structure: Thicker walls, walls elasticated, small lumen.
Blood pressure: Carry blood which is at a higher pressure.
Type of blood: Carry arterial or oxygenated blood.

32
Q

What is the importance of arteries in sport?

A

They carry the oxygenated blood away from the heart, sending it around your body to the muscles that need oxygen to respire/contract.

33
Q

What is the function, structure, blood pressure and type of blood of veins?

A

Function: Return blood to the heart.
Structure: Thinner walls, less elastic, large lumen, contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.
Blood pressure: Carry blood which is at a lower pressure than arteries.
Type of blood: Carry venous or deoxygenated blood.

34
Q

What is the importance of veins in sport?

A

They bring the deoxygenated blood back to the heart for it to be re-oxygenated, ready for use in the process of releasing energy.

35
Q

What is the function, structure, blood pressure and type of blood of capillaries?

A

Function: Distribute blood within the organs. Link arteries and veins.
Structure: Microscopic - just one cell thick to allow one red blood cell through. Very small lumen.
Blood pressure: Carry blood which is at a very low pressure.
Type of blood: At one end, they carry arterial blood which transfers oxygen and nurtients to the muscles. At the other end, they carry venous blood into the veins, picking up waste products.

36
Q

What is the importance of capillaries in sport?

A

They are the points where oxygenated blood is delivered to the muscles, and where deoxygenated blood is taken away from the muscles.

37
Q

Which artery is different from the other arteries and why?

A

The pulmonary artery carries blood that is deoxygenated to the lungs.

38
Q

Which vein is different from other veins and why?

A

Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the heart.

39
Q

What is vascular shunting?

A

The process that increases blood flow to active areas during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas; achieved by vasodialation and vasoconstriction.

40
Q

What happens to your blood pressure when more blood is sent to them helping them to work harder?

A

It increases.

41
Q

What happens as your muscles work harder?

A

Oxygen levels drop, causing a build-up of lactic acid and carbon dioxide. This makes your blood vessels widen (dialate) to make it easer to get the oxygen to the muscles and causes the blood pressure to drop.

42
Q

What else does exercise do to your body?

A

Makes the temperature increase, and this makes the blood vessels in the skin dialate so that the blood can flow more easily to get rid of the heat.

43
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The pressure of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels. it is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg).

44
Q

What is systole (top of the blood pressure machine)?

A

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

45
Q

What is diastole (bottom of the blood pressure machine)?

A

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and lets the chambers fill with blood.

46
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

Around 120 / 80 mmHg.

47
Q

What does high blood pressure indicate?

A

A higher risk of health problems in the future. Can lead to heart attack or stroke.

48
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma: 55%
Platelets: Less than 1%
Red blood cells: About 45%
White blood cells: Less than 1%

49
Q

What are red blood cells also known as, and what is their shape?

A

Most of the cells in your blood are discs. They are also known as erythrocites.

50
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

It is a red protein in the blood that transports oxygen. This gives the cells their colour.

51
Q

Why do people born at high altitude have a higher red blood cell count?

A

Because there is less oxygen in the air, so their blood has to be efficient at picking up oxygen.

52
Q

What is anaemia and what is it caused by?

A

Anaemia is a low blood count and it causes you to be breathless and lack energy. Anaemia can be caused by losing a lot of blood or a lack of iron.

53
Q

What are white blood cells also known as and what do they do?

A

They are transparent cells also known as leukocytes. They destroy pathogens which can cause illness.

54
Q

What do white blood cells do (in more detail)?

A

Some white blood cells completely engulf bacteria or viruses and digest them, while others destroy the pathogens with chemicals called antibodies.

55
Q

Where are platelets formed and what do they do?

A

Formed in the red bone marrow. Concerned with the production of thrombokinase, a substance involved in blood clotting.

56
Q

What happens when a blood vessel is cut?

A

Platelets rush to the site of the injury and swell into odd irregular shapes. They become sticky and block the cut, acting as a plug. If the platelets can’t cope with a large cut, a signal is sent out for the blood to start clotting by releasing a hormone called serotonin. This causes blood vessels to contract and reduces the flow of blood.

57
Q

What is the look and make up of plasma?

A

Pale, straw coloured liquid made up of 90% water. it contains a wide range of substances like calcium, glucose, antibodies, nutrients, hormones, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

58
Q

Why is plasma important for sport?

A

Plasma is important for sport as it transports the red blood cells (which carry oxygen) to the muscles so they can keep working. Also, carbon dioxide mostly dissolves in plasma when it is being removed in the blood.

59
Q

How do you structure a long answer?

A

AO1 - State a fact or define.
AO2 - Practical example.
AO3 - Ealuation / Development.

60
Q

What if the definition and average values of heart rate?

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute (BPM). AV: 72 bpm

61
Q

What if the definition of adrenaline?

A

A hormone which makes the heart beat faster and causes blood to be diverted from the organs to muscles.

62
Q

What if the definition and average values of blood pressure?

A

A force exerted by the blood on the blood vessels. AV: 120/80 mmHg

63
Q

What if the definition and average values of stroke volume?

A

Volume (amount) of blood pumped out of the heart in a single beat. AV: 70 ml/beat

64
Q

What if the definition and average values of cardiac output?

A

Total volume of blood pumped from the heart in a minute.
Q = HR x SV
AV: 5 litres / minute

65
Q

What if the definition of shunting?

A

Moving blood to where it is needed most.

66
Q

What if the definition of recovery rate?

A

The rate at which heart rate returns to resting levels immediately after exercise.

67
Q

What is maximum heart rate and how do you calculate it?

A

MHR is the highest number of beats the heart makes during exercise. It can be used to monitor training and fitness.
Calculation: MHR = 220 - age.

68
Q

What affects your resting HR?

A

Age, gender, size, diet.

69
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Increased heart rate - to allow more oxygen and nutrients to reach the muscles.
    -Increased cardiac output - Due to heart rate and stroke volume increasing during exercise. 5L / min > 18L / min.
    -Increased stroke volume - Due to blood moving more quickly. 70 ml to 130 ml per beat.
    -Increased blood pressure - Due to increased blood flow through the blood vessels.
70
Q

What are the long term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

A

-Cardiac hypertrophy - increased muscle size and strength.
-Increased stroke volume at rest and during exercise - because the heart becomes more efficient.
-Decreased resting heart rate (Bradycardia) - as more blood is being pumped out per beat.
-Increase in maximum cardiac output.
-Increase in number of red blood cells - so more oxygen can be transported to the muscles.
-Decrease in resting blood pressure - due to more elastic muscular walls of arteries and veins.

71
Q

What do you need to remember when drawing graphs?

A

-There is an X and a Y axis.
-You need to label each axis.
-You must title your graph.
-You need to go up in equal increments.
-Your graph doesn’t have to start at 0.
-Draw your graph with a ruler.
-Do it in pencil first.

72
Q

What is on the Y axis of the graph?

A

Dependant variable (what is measured).

73
Q

What is on the X axis of the graph?

A

Independent variable (what is changed).

GCSE PE (8 decks)

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