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GEOGRAPHY 1. Changing Places > The service economy and its social and economic impacts > Flashcards

The service economy and its social and economic impacts Flashcards

1
Q

What does the city centre timeline look like?

A

URBANISATION
- 19thC

AGGLOMERATION
- early 20thC
- 1930s

DECENTRALISATION
- 1940s
- 1950-60s
- 1960-70s
- 1960-80s
- 1970-80s
- 1980s-2000

REURBANISATION
- 1980-90s
- 1990s
- 1990-2000
- 2008-2014

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2
Q

How have out-of-town shopping centres (OTSC) caused the decline of many traditional town centres (TC)?

A
  1. increasing car transport (accessibility problem for TC)
  2. when stores leave TC for accessibility:
    - quality and quantity falls
    - sales fall
    - property rental values plummet

BEGINS SPIRAL OF DECLINE

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3
Q

Why has there been a rise in out-of-town shopping centres (OTSC)?

A

COUNTER-URBANISATION
- rich people move
- spending power goes from centre to periphery
- since 1960s: number of individual shops has fallen but total floor space and sales have increased
- retailing concentrates into focuses into chains, chains move into OTSC when access, cars, congestion and parking problems arise

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4
Q

Give 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of out-of-town shopping centres

A

ADVS:
- easy access and parking
- catalytic effect on other retailing centres which is a stimulus to improve
- greater shopping choices and low prices due to bulk purchasing

DISADVS:
- reliance on cars lead to increased pollution and congestion at peiphery
- decline of town centres
- employment is mostly part-time and female

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5
Q

What has been the recent trade history of the high street?

A

1990s - independent stores disappear, out-of-town shopping centres rise. doughnut syndrome

2004 - clone towns e.g. Cambridge. Many vacant units and narrow ranges of chain stores

2011 - nearly 1/4 high streets failing. Empty shops trigger downward spiral in 83/365 towns.

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6
Q

Give 2011 decline of the high street facts

A
  • High St. footfall has fallen by 10% in last 3 years (not London)
  • nearly 1 in 6 shops are vacant
  • 40% Britain’s spend on High St.
  • 8,000 supermarkets absorb 97% total grocery sales
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7
Q

Give an example of a High St. (HS) decline downward spiral

A
  1. Closure of key store/opening of OTSC (e.g. Debenhams)
  2. reduced footfall of HS, so fewer shoppers
  3. neighbouring stores lose customers too
  4. less investment negatively impacts local env, making it less attractive to shoppers
  5. loss of community and reduction in access from certain social groups
  6. further footfall reduction increases probability of more vacancies
  7. another key store closes…
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of a successful High St.?

A
  • larger office/professional daytime population = higher footfall
  • ability to attract higher skilled/better paid jobs in professional/commercial sectors
  • higher spending power of daytime working population
    e.g. people in Cambridge/York/London have average £364 more to spend every month compared to Newport, Bradford and Wigan
  • stronger economies and a wider range of amenities
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9
Q

What is an amenity?

Give an example

A

a desirable or useful feature of a place that makes life more pleasant/comfotable

e.g. leisure centres, OTSC, pubs, cafes, banks, playgrounds

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10
Q

What can be the consequence of closing flagship stores?

A

SPIRAL OF DECLINE

  • boarded up shops
  • charity shops
  • betting shops
  • pop-up establishments
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11
Q

Give two best performing and two worst performing town for High St.

What links are there to the listings?

A

BEST: Brighton, London
WORST: Barnsley, Wigan

  • there is an absence of large cities from the list of worst performing, because the worst performing tend to be in areas more heavily dependent on industrial manu. in the past. Deindustrialisation =job loss = no spending power
  • successful places are in the relatively more prosperous south of the UK
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12
Q

What are the reasons for service economy growth?

A
  • technology
  • prosperity
  • transport and communication
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13
Q

How has technology facilitated the growth of the service economy?

Give examples

A

Technological inventions enhanced clustering of office buildings in CBDs and city centres

EXAMPLES
1. Steel-framed skyscraper, first in Chicago 1884, enabled vertical development along with the electric lift and escalator

  1. telephone (1876) enabled quicker communication. The first telegraph cable across the Atlantic (1886) is the forerunner of the globalisation of communications
  2. transport developments e.g. tramways and underground lines in larger cities enabled the growing labour force to commute to work over greater distances
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14
Q

How has prosperity facilitated the growth of the service sector?

A

AFLLUENT PEOPLE WANT TO:
- invest and bank their wealth
- insure their property and possessions
- purchase goods and have improved leisure time
- more disposable income = growth of leisure industries including rise of travel agencies

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15
Q

How has transport and communication facilitated the growth of the service sector?

A

TRANSPORT:

  • enables retailing, offices and leisure industries to disperse beyond the city centre
  • rail travel = growth of seaside resorts 19thC aided by social developments e.g. mandatory annual holidays
  • development of aircraft tech have led to overseas package tourism/long-distance tourism/ecotourism

COMMUNICATIONS:

  • alters distribution of service economy
  • online booking largely replaces travel agencies
  • hotels and conference centres become key functions for business life and tourism in most major cities
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16
Q

What is the benefit of city centre locations for the growth of the service sector?

A
  • agglomeration and proximity
  • highly qualified labour pools
  • accessibility
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17
Q

Why is agglomeration and proximity a benefit of city centre locations for the service sector?

A

URBAN AREAS: lots of workers, diversity and choice for employees

‘THE CENTRE’: area for exchanging info and ideas
- traditionally this would be face-to-face contact which is still important today despite rise of online working

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18
Q

Why are highly qualified labour pools a benefit of city centre locations for the service sector?

Give an example

A

if you can attract skilled service companies, they attract skilled workers

e.g. in Cambridge and London
- the attraction of highly skilled economic activities is explainable to their location/proximity

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19
Q

Why is accessibility a benefit of city centre locations for the service sector?

A

LOWER INCOME GROUPS:
1. better shopping: more choice and comparison chances
2. transport: out-of-town jobs have fewer public transport connections which is EXPENSIVE

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20
Q

Give three advantages and three disadvantages to physical shopping

A

ADVS:
1. feeling of reliability and versatility because of the chance of comparison
2. shopping as leisure can be more pleasant and social e.g. coffee bars
3. PHYSICAL: direct possession and use, and individual service from approachable retail

DISADVS:
1. getting to and from shops: congestion, parking cost
2. less easy to compare prices in different shops
3. more expensive for the seller due to the cost of space to display goods

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21
Q

How do city centres vary?

A
  1. Strong cities centres have more specialist and premium amenities
  2. Strong city centres are less reliant on retail than weak city centres
  3. Strong city centres have fewer high st. vacancies
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22
Q

Why do strong city centres have more specialist and premium amenities?

Give an example

A
  • strong city centre economies attract the most high skilled and high paying employers
  • presence of well-paid workers in/around streets creates demand for amenities
  • additional source of footfall and spending power
    MULTIPLIER EFFECT

e.g. London = 37% city centre specialist amenities
Barnsley = 7%

23
Q

Why are strong city centres less reliant on retail than weak city centres?

Give an example

A
  • stronger cities are able to match current customer preferences
  • shift to online shopping = retail takes up less space on high streets but amenities are less replaceable
  • weaker city centres are less resilient/more vulnerable to decline as they have higher percentages of retail

e.g. strong city centres = 46% amenities are food and drink, weak = 32%

strong city centres = 33% retail, weak = 43%

24
Q

Why do stronger city centres have fewer high street vacancies?

A
  • walk-in amenities e.g. cafes take up more space in a stronger city centre
  • online retail means lack of spending power and footfall in weaker city centres which limits ability of walk-in amenities to stay open, but stronger city centres can cope because they have the high skilled workers providing money to spend on the high street, sustaining demand
25
Give an example of two contrasting high streets affected by COVID
Cambridge Mansfield
26
What is levelling up?
UK government plant to reduce inequalities between rich and poorer areas to provide equal opportunities and futures
27
How can levelling up be used to improve city centres? Give two of the steps
- boost consumer spending power/city centre economy - attracting investments from high-skilled and high-productivity businesses which will then create high paid jobs which will create demand for amenities - One of the steps for levelling up is to increase public investment outside the South East by 40% - overheated South - Another is more money for education in 55 local authorities - improving reading, writing and maths in primary age children - which means they will have better job prospects
28
What is gentrification?
the transformation of a city neighbourhood from low to high value, leading to displacement of previous occupants - the process of developing a run down/neglected area to make it more desirable - turning an area of working class to middle class
29
Give three reasons for living in the city centre
- Central entertainment district (60% of people in Manchester said this was important) - close to workplace - public transport
30
How do the city centres change in an immigrant context? (before gentrification)
1. migrants arrive 2. settle into zones of older/cheaper housing 3. ghettos can develop 4. a community builds up with shops and services for the needs of the community e.g. religious buildings
31
What is a ghetto?
part of a city where members of a minority group live especially as a result of political/social/legal/environmental/economic pressure - often known for being a more impoverished part of the city
32
What kind of process is gentrification?
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP - each new flow of migration and investment leads in turn to further inflows of money and people
33
Explain a gentrification positive feedback loop
1. Middle class incomers move into 'cheap and charming' old inner city area 2. area gains fashionable status attracting new young professionals 3. private sector investors buy/renovate housing, displacing pooe 4. more affluent residents move in. MORE INVESTMENT 5. better services etc... 6. MULTIPLIER EFFECT
34
What are the key features of leisure parks? Give some examples
LEISURE AN ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIES - multiplex cinema - theme bars/restaurants (some conventional/chain too) - nightclubs - 10-pin bowling - health and fitness club
35
What is the 'anchor' for leisure parks and why? What challenge do they face?
CINEMAS - operate all year round - constant and culturally relevant facility for all ages - provides stable income and promotes social cohesion - people will go to the cinema, then do more leisure CHALLENGE: competition from home screening
36
Who are the stakeholders in leisure parks?
- consumers - developers and operators - the state
37
Why are consumers stakeholders in leisure parks?
- they want all leisure facilities grouped for a one-stop convenience catering for everyone - public transport can be unreliable, so car owners want accessible and convenient parks with parking and high capacity road links - this can drive development of infrastructure
38
Why are developers and operators stakeholders in leisure parks?
- out of town sites are attractive because they can be used for huge buildings relatively cheaply - 1990s - developers successfully marketed the park idea as a new investment opportunity and so major investors (e.g. Marylebone Warwick Balfour) invested in several developments - developers also saw the out-of-town ideas a finite and so also developed some in city centres for the rich young who would drink and not drive, creating opportunities on both brownfield sites and city centres
39
Why is the state a stakeholder in leisure parks?
They take a more restricted approach to out of town centres for 3 reasons: 1. trying to reduce growth of car journeys and promote less polluting public transport (80% leisure travel journeys are by car) 2. trying to promote rebirth of town and city centres which are threatened by continuing development of out-of-town leisure and retail facilities 3. trying to encourage brownfield site developments - late 1990s: authorities reluctant to grant out of town planning permission, and recent developments have been in existing urban environments
40
What are the positive impacts of leisure parks on the CBD?
- increased footfall and visitors spend more money nearby (INWARD INVESTMENT) - revitalising urban areas attracts more people and investment - extended business hours and opportunities increase economic activity
41
What are the negative impacts of leisure parks on the CBD?
- congestion and traffic overload - conflicts over (parking?) space with commuters - overdependence leaves CBD vulnerable to economic downturns - commercialisation = loss of character - overcrowding makes it less accessible for day workers
42
What is the percentage of people working in professional occupations in: a) Cambridge b) Doncaster
a) 34.1% b) 12.3%
43
How has the service sector growth influenced population?
URBAN AREAS: (mainly SE) population increase changing lifestyles
44
How did population growth vary in cities 1971-2009? What does this influence
some towns and cities = rapid e.g. Milton Keynes 253% increase deindustrialised towns and cities = losing people and economic activity e.g. Liverpool 19% This influences the demand for space and new buildings - it will be very low, increased vacancies
45
What is remediation?
Clearing derelict sites to bring unused sites back into use as office blocks, business parks, leisure/tourism/greenspace/housing however, these are often unsuccessful
46
How has retailing changed in cities in the last 50 years?
NEW: - retailers replace old ones e.g. Primark v Woolworths - large scale retail developments with anchor stores e.g. PW - tech e.g. click&collect, delivery MORE: - specialised stores due to rise of new products e.g. tech: O2 phones - influence of designer brands - car ownership - shops: betting/loan/pawn/charity LOW: - profit on side streets sue to decreased footfall
47
What is a clone town?
a town where the major high st. or other shopping areas are significantly dominated by chain stores e.g. Exeter: M&S, Card Factory, Greggs, Lush, Next
48
What percentage of the UK was clone towns 2005?
UK towns: 41% London Villages: 48% with trends rising
49
What are the reasons for the rise of clone towns?
CHAINS PROSvs INDEPENDENTS: - preferred by consumers and decision makers - cater for modern/richer/materialistic customers - open longer hours/more days - high range of products compared to specialisation - cheaper, drives out I. - foreign chains seen as exotic and therefore preferrable to local stores e.g. Starbucks HIGH STREET: - rents too high for I. - urban regen. attracts chains to occupy shopping centres (lots of glass/steel/concrete)
50
What is globalisation?
- the increasing integration of economies around the world particularly through the movement of goofs, services and capital across borders - also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions
51
What is the difference between a TNC and an MNC?
TNC: corporations that operate in many countries but do not have a centralised management system - they don't have a central HQ in one country making all the decisions globally e.g. Nestle MNC: corporations that operate in many countries and who do have a centralised management system e.g. McDonalds, Coca-Cola
52
What is the role of TNCs?
- link countries through goods production e.g. large assembly industries use parts sourced from many countries to make the product - CARS - make connections between people in different countries by shaping common patterns of consumption e.g. entertainment brands: Disney food brands: McDonalds - FDI - expand through acquisitions and mergers - use sub-contractors to manufacture goods - helped and hindered by trade blocs - glocalisation
53
What are trade blocs?
groups of countries within a region protecting themselves from non-members (tariffs/charges)
54
What is glocalisation?
a product or service that is developed and distributed globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the user/consumer in a local market - considers culture, social norms, laws and legislation stc e.g. McDonalds advert differs in different places

GEOGRAPHY 1. Changing Places (10 decks)

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