Economic change and social inequalities in deindustrialised urban places Flashcards
What is deprivation?
The degree to which an individual or area is lacking/deprived/unable to access services and amenities
How do we measure deprivation?
CHEELOHBUI
- crime level/type
- house prices
- education level
- environment quality
- life expectancy/poor health
- overcrowding
- housing quality
- benefits (number of people on)
- unemployment
- income
How does education measure deprivation?
5 ‘good passes’ at GSCE
bloodline uni
How does environment quality measure deprivation?
air pollution
degradation
% green space
How do crime levels/type measure deprivation?
crimes a month
types (fraud vs murder vs cannabis farms etc)
How does income measure deprivation?
salary average (per person or household income)
How does the number of people on benefits measure deprivation?
universal credit
How does unemployment measure deprivation?
% and national comparison
How do house prices measure deprivation?
average in areas
How does housing quality measure deprivation?
good/bad conditions
How does life expectancy/poor health measure deprivation?
average life expectancy low/high
sensors: “Do you consider…”
(limiting because opinion not fact)
How does overcrowding measure deprivation?
population density, average people per household
What is the broken window effect?
visible signs of crime, antisocial behaviour create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes
What is the black/shadow economy?
Legal or illegal?
How does it relate to the black market?
The black economy is a segment of a country’s economic activity that is derived from sources that fall outside of the country’s rules and regulations regarding commerce
- the activities can be either legal or illegal depending on what goods and/or services are involved
- the black economy is made up of the collection of various black markets in an economy
What can deprived areas suffer from?
Territorial stigmatism - where an area is typecast due to reputation and perceived changes to the population mix of neighbourhoods
Give an example of territorial stigmatism
St Pauls, Bristol
- close to city centre, partly destroyed by bombing, rebuilt with social housing, older square s and terraces
- area of Afro-Caribbean immigrants mixing with lower paid/unemployed people
- 1980s association with drugs and riots
- residents suspicious of renewal efforts because they come form ‘outsiders’ and focus on physical infr. rather than social inequalities such as housing and unemployment
- some taxi drives will not enter at night
What is social exclusion?
being outside of/marginalised from mainstream society, its resources and the opportunities provided by them
What is the cycle of deprivation?
a sequence of events that disadvantaged people experience in which one problem leads to other problems and so makes things worse
Give some elements of exclusion
- stigmatism of people of council estates with high unemployment as ‘benefits cheats’
- neighbourhoods regarded as ‘no-go areas’ because of mental health issues and petty crime
- red light districts development
- costs of rental housing/council house right-to-buy policy
How has deindustrialisation influenced pollution?
2013: fuel burning = 83% pollution
- closure of heavy industry (e.g. steel) reduces SO2 emissions to 7% of the 1970 levels
1970-2013 = industrial combustion emissions decreased 94%
What were the governmental responses to deindustrialisation?
- International European Structural and Investment Funds 2014-2020
- National Funding: Enterprise Zones
- Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)
- FDI
What is the International European Structural and investment Funds 2014-2020?
GROWTH PROGRAMME: delivers regional policy e.g. European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
European Social Fund (ESF)
EDRF: supports projects reducing disparity and aids development projects
- strengthen t/q sector growth, reduce env. impacts, social inclusion
3 TYPES REGIONAL SUPPORT:
1. More Developed: reduce eco/env/soc issues in urban areas
2. Naturally Disadvantaged: address problems sue to remoteness
3. Less Developed: Cornwall
ESF: tackles poverty/social exclusion by providing access to sust. employment
- invests in workplace, skills, diversity and youth knowledge
AIMS: reduce poverty, upskill workforce, increase youth employ, reduce inequalities for disadvantaged groups e.g. women
What are National Funding: Enterprise Zones?
areas granted special government status to encourage development and economic growth
- may have better/no tax and other incentives to encourage businesses to move to the area
- often on edge of cities where land is cheaper
- 48 in England e.g. Blackpool
What are Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)?
Give an example
non-statutory bodies responsible for local economic development
- focus on the most deprived areas
e.g. Carlisle - Kingmoor Park
What is FDI?
Why is it useful
An investment made by one company into another company in a different country, usually by large MNCs
- attracts t/q sector industries (1/4 FDI in q)
- MNCs can take the form of foreign investors e.g. Hong Kong now owns port at Felixstowe
- can align with gvmt policy e.g. Nissan Sunderland = regeneration
- MNCs tend to invest in successful places
- 1,988 FDI projects UK created 84,000 jobs
