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psio 120 > The senses > Flashcards

The senses Flashcards

1
Q

what is a sensation

A

conscious and subconscious awareness of change in the internal and external environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations.

- primary function of the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

4 elements for sensation

A
  1. stimulation of sensory receptor
  2. Trabsduction of the stimulus (change in membrane potential)
  3. Generation of nerve impulses
  4. Integration of sensory input
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4
Q

Sensory receptors - free nerve endings

A

bare dendrites, lack any obvious structural specialisation

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5
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

dendrites enclosed

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6
Q

separate cells

A

receptors for taste, olfaction, vision and hearing

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7
Q

exteroreceptors

A
  • located at the external surface of the body
  • ## respond to stimuli that originate from outside the body
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8
Q

Interoreceptors

A
  • located in blood vessels, muscles and in the nervous system
  • monitor the internal environment
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9
Q

Proprioreceptors

A
  • located in the muscles, tendons and joints

- provide info. about body position, muscle length and tension

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10
Q

mechanoreceptors

A
  • respond to mechanical stimulation such as stretching or bending of cells
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11
Q

thermoreceptors

A
  • respond to changes in temperature
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12
Q

Nocioreceptors

A
  • respond to painful stimuli in the mouth, nose and body fluid
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13
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light

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14
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals in the mouth, nose and bodily fluids

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15
Q

osmoreceptors

A

respond to changes in the osmotic pressure of body fluids

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16
Q

Adaptation

A

where the response produced by the sensory receptor (e.g. the graded potential) becomes smaller when the stimulus is presented over a prolonged, sustained period. Thus, the number of action potential reduces.

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17
Q

somatic sensations

A

sensations that arise from receptors

- skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, joints

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18
Q

Tactile sensations

A 
touch 
pressure
vibration
itch
tickle 
by mechanical stimuli
19
Q

receptors in the skin responding to touch

A

corpuscle of touch
hair root plexuses
type 1 and 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptors

20
Q

receptors that respond to pressure

A
  • corsucle of tuch
  • type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors
    lamellated corpsucles
21
Q

receptors that respond to vibration

A

corpsucle of touch

Lamellated corpsucle

22
Q

respond to itch and tickles

A
  • free nerve endings

- for itch, the free nerve endings respnds to chemicals released during inflammatory response

23
Q

respond to thermal sensation?

A

thermoreceptors

24
Q

painful stimuli ?

A

nocioreceptors

25
Q

2 types of pain

A

slow pain - pain begins seconds after stimulus and gradually increases in intensity over the course of seconds to minutes e.g. burning, throbbing.

Fast pain - acute, sharp. pain occurs rapidly after stimulus.

26
Q

superficial somatic pain

A

pain that arises from stimulation of nocioreceptors in the skin

27
Q

deep somatic pain

A

pain that arises from stimulation of nocioreceptors in skeletal muscle joints/tendons

28
Q

Visceral pain

A

pain that arises from the stimulation of nocioreceptors present in visceral organs

29
Q

function of propriorecptors

A

enable us to determine the location of our body in space

- found in muscles and tendons and degree of stretch and contraction.

30
Q

Proprioreceptors in muscles ?

A
  • muscle spindles

monitor changes in length of skeletal muscles and stretch reflexes

31
Q

proprioreceptors in tendons

A

tendon organs

provide information related to muscle tension

32
Q

Proprioreceptors in joints

A

Joint kinaesthetic receptors

  • sense joint position and movement
  • respond to joint pressure, and the acceleration and deceleration of joints during movements
33
Q

What type of stimuli respond to taste and small

A

chemical senses
Due to interactions of oderants and tastants
involves 3 types of cells

34
Q

olfactory cells

A
  • bipolar cells (one dendrite + one axons)
  • involves the olfactory bulb - by the axon
  • olfactory epithelium - where oderants are detected
35
Q

supporting cell

A

epithelial cells of mucous membrane ling the nose

- provide physical support, nutrients and electrical insulation for olfactory cells

36
Q

basal stem cells

A

continually undergoes cell division

responsible for the continued production of new olfactory receptor cells

37
Q

Olfactory glands

A
  • produce mucous that is secreted onto the olfactory epithelium
  • the mucus moistens the epithelium and dissolves oderants
38
Q

effect of an oderant binding to an olfactory receptor

A
  • leads to generation of a depolarising graded potential

- if the depolarisation is large enough, action potentials are generated and nerve impulses are sent to CNS

39
Q

Role of olfactory nerve

A
  • pathway of olfactory information to the CNS.
  • the axons in the olfactory nerves terminate in the frontal lobes.
  • axons travelling in the olfactory tract project to the primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex. Others goes to hypothalamus involved in memories and emotion
40
Q

5 primary tastes

A
  • bitter
  • sour
  • salty
  • sweet
  • msg
41
Q

receptors of taste

A
  • supporting cells = surround the gustatory cells and provide support
  • gustatory receptor cells - responsible for detecting chemicals.
  • basal cells - stem cells that provide supporting cells
42
Q

effect of the binding of a tastant (chemical dissolved in saliva) to a taste receptor ?

A
  • generation of depolarising graded potentials and the release of transmitter = stimulates sensory neurons that project to the CNS
43
Q

Pathway of gustatory information to the CNS ?

A
  1. 3 cranial nerves = vagus, glassopharyngeal nerve and facial nerve.
  2. medulla oblongata
  3. hypothalamus and thalamus
  4. cortex

psio 120 (9 decks)

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