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psio 120 > the endocrine system > Flashcards

the endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

direct cell communication

A

gap junctions, ions, small solutes and lipid-soluble

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2
Q

paracrine cell communication

A

extracellular fluid

- cell to cell communication

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3
Q

endocrine cell communication

A

through the bloodstream

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4
Q

synaptic cell communication

A

across synaptic clefts

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5
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete directly into the blood

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6
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts, carrying them from outside the body i.e sweat glands

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7
Q

endocrine tissues

A
  • thyroid glands
  • parathyroid glands
  • thymus
  • adrenal glands
  • pineal glands
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary glands
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8
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemicals that encode a message and help maintain homeostasis.

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9
Q

auto cell signalling

A

self cell

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10
Q

pheromones

A

can signal between organisms

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11
Q

How do hormones send messages?

A
  1. Hormone molecule bind to receptor
  2. Receptor will change conformation
  3. Change in conformation allows other intracellular components to interact.
    Cells expressing recptors = target cells
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12
Q

Role pf hormone receptors

A
  • regulate cell sensitivity to hormone signal
  • constantly synthesized and broken down
  • increases the sensitivity of target cell to hormone
  • decrease sensitivity as people could become drug dependant.
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13
Q

what happens when a hormone reaches its target?

A

Lipid soluble = hormone receptors inside of cell and trigger response within the cell.

Water-soluble = Hormone receptors on outside surface cell and trigger response inside of the cell.

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14
Q

role pf lipid-soluble hormone

A
  • transcription

- intracellular

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15
Q

role of the water-soluble hormone

A
  • circulate free

- second messenger = activation of intracellular components and signal amplification

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16
Q

how a target cell responds to a hormone is based on ?

A
  • hormones concentration in blood
  • # of hormone receptors on the target cells
  • influences exerted by other hormones
  • some hormones are more effective in presence of a second assisting hormone
  • some hormones oppose the action of other
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17
Q

The response of target cells of hormone

A
  • synthesis of new molecules
  • changing permeability of the cell membrane
  • stimulating transport of a substance into or out of the cell
  • altering the rate of metabolic actions
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18
Q

hormone interactions (antagonistic)

A
  • opposite hormones interact = weaker effect than those produced by the singular opposing hormone
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19
Q

Additive interaction

A

greater effect combining than if the hormone acted alone

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20
Q

permissive interaction

A

the first hormone is needed for the second to produce an effect

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21
Q

integrative interactions

A

different and complementary effects

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22
Q

Humoural stimuli

A

changes in circulating ions and molecules stimulate hormone secretion - e.g. glucose in negative feedback

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23
Q

neural stimuli

A

nerve impulses stimulate hormone release

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24
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

endocrine glands can be regulated by other hormones. - neg. feedback - releasing and stimulating hormones

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25
Q

Role of hypothalamus

A
  • link between nervous and endocrine systems
  • produces 9 hormones = regulating stimulation/inhibition of release if other hormones
  • ADH and oxytocin
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26
Q

Posterior pituitary glands

A
  • neural tissue connected to the hypothalamus

- stores and secretes ADH (water balance) and Oxytocin (pregnancy).

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27
Q

Anterior pituitary glands

A
  • regulated by hypothalamic hormones

- releasing hormones in response (stimulating hormones)

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28
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates the production of thyroid hormones

29
Q

ACTH

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

30
Q

FSH + LH

A

stimulates gonads to produce sex cells and sex steroids

31
Q

prolactin

A

mammary glands to develop and produce milk

32
Q

MSH

A

cause skin cells to produce melanin

33
Q

promotes skeletal and muscular growth

A

promotes skeletal and muscular growth

34
Q

Human growth hormone

A
  • hypothalamus
  • targets all body cells
  • increases cell division and growth by increasing their intake of amino acids and synthesis of proteins
  • stimulate lipolysis in adipose so fatty acids are used for ATP.
35
Q

regulation of HGH

A
  • low blood sugar stimulate the release of GHRH from the hypothalamus = more glycogen broken down into glucose by liver cells.
  • high blood sugar stimulates the release of GHIH from the hypothalamus = glycogen does not break down into glucose.
36
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • large gland close to trachea and larynx
  • requires iodine for the production of thyroid hormones
  • produces T3 and T4: regulate metabolism
  • produces calcitonin lowers circulating calcium concentrations by stimulating deposition in bone.
    Released in response to TSH.
37
Q

Thyroid hormone production

A

T3 and T4 = a protein that has one or two iodine ions attached.

  • The more t4 produced, t3 more active
  • Most t4 cells are converted into t3 in cell
  • lipid-soluble = circulates bound to thyroid hormones
38
Q

actions of thyroid hormone

A
  • increases BMR
  • increase the use of o2 + glucose for ATP
  • increase cellular metabolism
  • increase body temp
  • increase the synthesis of proteins and breakdown of fats
  • increase heat production
  • increase action of adrenaline
39
Q

Thyroid abnormalities

A
  • Hypothyroidism = low blood levels of thyroid hormone (thyroid doesn’t develop properly)
  • Hyperthyroidism = excess thyroid hormone in the gland
    large thyroid gland.
40
Q

Parathyroid glands

A
  • small glands on posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands
  • secrete PTH = causes Ca concentration to rise by promoting osteoclast activity.
    Stimulates Ca reabsorption at the kidneys
    PTH opposes the effects of calcitonin
41
Q

regulation of parathyroid hormone

A
  • low ca - secretion
  • high ca - inhibition of secretion
  • calcitriol increases ca absorption from the digestive tract
42
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • glands superior to kidneys
  • adrenal medulla: controlled by the nervous system
  • adrenal cortex: partly controlled by ACTH secretion from the anterior pituitary
43
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  • hypothalamus initiates stimulation of hormone secretion
  • innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (fast stimulation)
  • produces hormones that allow short term alarm (fight and flight response)
44
Q

Adrenal cortex

A
  • outer portion of the adrenal glands

- produces hormones that provide a long-term response to stress

45
Q

Cushing syndrome

A
  • hypertension of cortisol
  • hyperglycaemia
  • water and salt retention
  • redistribution of fat
46
Q

Addison disease

A
  • hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
  • hypoglycemia
  • severe dehydration and hypotension due to decrease sodium in the blood.
47
Q

pancreas

A
  • exocrine pancreas: secretes and produces digestive juices
  • endocrine pancreas: priduces and secretes hormones
    insulin = secreted when glucose concentration is high, stimulates glucose uptake in cells.
    Glucagon: secreted when glucose concentration is low - stimulates glycogenesis.
48
Q

Diabetes

A
  • inability to control blood glucose levels
49
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A

hyperglycaemia

  • frequent urination
  • change in weight
  • thirst/hunger
50
Q

type 1 diabetes

A
  • heredity
  • pancreatic cells are attached and cannot produce insulin
  • need insulin injections
51
Q

type 2 diabetes

A
  • due to lifestyle choices
  • cells don’t respond to insulin
  • exercise and a good diet needed
52
Q

Testes

A
  • produce testosterone
  • secondary sex characteristics e.g. facial
  • causes larynx and vocal cords to enlarge
53
Q

Ovaries

A
  • produce oestragen and progesterone =
    stimulate the growth of the uterus and vagina
    responsible for secondary sex characteristics
    regulates uterine cycle
54
Q

thymus gland

A
  • lies beneath the sternum
  • this gland is the largest and most active in childhood
  • T lymphocytes mature here
55
Q

Role of the autonomic system

A

Input: autonomic sensory neurons - monitor the internal environment in the body e.g. blood pressure, blood o2 levels).

Output: autonomic motor neurons
regulate activity in effector tissues - cardiac, smooth muscles

56
Q

sympathetic response

A

fight or flight response

57
Q

autonomic motor pathways

A

2 pathways
1. Preganglionic neuron
located within the CNS
The myelinated axon from this neuron extends into an autonomic ganglion

  1. postganglionic
    within the autonomic
    the unmyelinated axon from this neuron extends to the effector
58
Q

what do preganglionic neurons?

A
  • AcH
59
Q

postganglionic neurons release?

A
  • Noradrenalin and Ach
60
Q

organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • spinal cord
  • skin
  • heart
  • lungs
  • blood vessels
61
Q

organs innervated by the parasympathetic?

A
  • brain
  • heart
  • larynx
  • liver
  • stomach
62
Q

sympathetic nervous system activation

A
  • during exercise, emotional stress and arousal
  • reduces body functions that lead to storage of energy in fear and excitement
  • fight or flight response
63
Q

parasympathetic nervous system activation

A
  • during quiet intervals between exercise, stress or arousal
  • promote the conservation and storage of energy reserves
  • stimulates SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defection). = lowers heart rate.
64
Q

autonomic nervous system activation

A

role in reflexes and homeostasis

  1. receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integrating centre
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector neuron
65
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • outer portion of the adrenal glands
  • produces hormones that provide a long-term resoinse to stress
    3 layers
    1. zona glomeruli
    2. zona fasciculata
    3. zoa reticularis
66
Q

Glucocorticoids (2nd layer)

A

95% of hormonal activity to due to cortisol

  • regulates metabolism
  • increase rate of protein catabolism and lipolysis
  • conversion of amino acids to glucose
  • stimulate lipolysis
67
Q

adrenal cortex regulation

A
  • low cortisol detected at the hypothalamus
  • CRH secreted + ACTH released in response
  • ## cortisol secreted in circulation
68
Q

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) - renal system

A
  • 95% of hormonal activity due to aldosterone
  • increase reabsorption of NA and Cl bicarbonate + H20
    promotes excretion of K+ and H+
  • prevents drops in blood volume and blood pressure
  • secretion in response to low plasma (Na+) and high plasma (k+)

psio 120 (9 decks)

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