Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Perception > The sensation of sound > Flashcards

The sensation of sound Flashcards

1
Q

When does a sound occur?

A

When the movements or vibrations of an object cause pressure changes in the air, water or ant other medium surrounding the object.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the physical definition of sound?

A

Pressure changes in the air or other medium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the perceptual definition of sound?

A

That sound is the experience we have when we hear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the speed of sound?

A

340 meters/second.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is amplitude?

A

The difference between the baseline pressure and the peak or trough in air pressure. Determines the loudness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is wavelength?

A

The time difference between two adjacent peaks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is frequency?

A

Determines the perceived pitch of a tone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is frequency measured in?

A

Hertz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What amount of Hertz can humans hear between?

A

30-20,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is amplitude measured in?

A

Decibels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the decibel formula? (dB)

A

20x Log (p/p0)
p is the sound pressure of a stimulus.
p0 is a standard reference sound pressure (usually 20 micropascals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the rough loudness to decibels ratio?

A

10dB= x2 loudness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a Timbre?

A

The ‘colour’ of a tone, different instruments produce unique sets of overtone but play the same note.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an overtone?

A

The unique components of complex sound waves, whose frequencies are multiples of the fundamental frequency of each tone. e.g. different instruments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is in the outer ear?

A

Pinna and auditiry canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the auditory canal?

A

Tube like 3cm long structure, protects the tympanic membrane, ear drum, at the end of the canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

The two cubic centimeter cavity separating the inner from the outer ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the middle ear contain?

A

Three ossicles: Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil) and Stapes (Stirrup)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Malleus (hammer)?

A

Moves due to the vibration of the tympanic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Incus (Anvil)?

A

transmits vibrations of malleus.

21
Q

What is the stapes (stirrup)?

A

transmits vibrations of incus to the inner ear via the oval window of the cochlea.

22
Q

What substance does the signal travel through the outer middle and inner ear?

A

The outer ear and the middle ear are filled with air, but the inner ear is filled with cochlear fluid.

23
Q

What is the purpose of the ossicles?

A

To amplify the signal from the outer and middle ear to be strong enough to vibrate through the cochlear fluid of the inner ear as it is a denser medium.

24
Q

What are the middle ear muscles and what do they do?

A

Tensor tympani muscle and the stapedius muscle, they protect the cochlea from loud (amplified) noises by changing the strength of coupling between the three ossicles.

25
Q

What is the basilar membrane and what does it do?

A

The basilar membrane is inside the cochlear which is a spiral shape. It receives the vibrations from the oval window and staples.

26
Q

What do the different frequencies of sound do to the basilar membrane?

A

High frequencies stimulate the start of the basilar membrane whereas medium frequencies stimulate the middle and low stimulate the far end.

27
Q

What is the tonotopic map?

A

Which spots the frequencies lad and respond on the basilar membrane.

28
Q

What does the organ or Corti contain?

A

Outer hair cells and inner hair cells and the tectorial membrane.

29
Q

Why are hair cells called hair cells?

A

They have cilia on the tops of them.

30
Q

How does the vibrations get transduced?

A

The vibrations of sound reach the cochlea vibrate the basilar membrane and lead to changes in the electrical response of the hair cells due to the bending of the cilia causing the change in resting potential of the membranes of the hair cell, physically opening iron channels causing depolarisation.

31
Q

what do the directions of movement in the cilia do to the firing rate of auditory neurons?

A

When they are bent in one direction it increases the rate and the other direction decreases the rate.

32
Q

Where is the auditory information sent to after the hair cells?

A

The auditory neuron which connects to the auditory cortex.

33
Q

What are the two codes used in hearing?

A

Place codes and rate codes.

34
Q

What does the anatomical/place code overcome?

A

The problem that neurons cannot fire faster than around 1000Hz but sound can be identified up to 20,000Hz.

35
Q

How does place coding overcome higher hertz?

A

Because high and middle frequencies are found at different locations on the basilar membrane and the amplitude is represented by vibrations.

36
Q

How is the frequency of low sounds represented on the basilar membrane?

A

Up to 200Hz is represented by rate or temporal codes which is simply just the vibration stimulus depicting the rate of firing.

37
Q

How is the amplitude of low frequencies represented?

A

The amplitude is represented by how many hair cells are active and have therefore reached the threshold.

38
Q

What are azimuth coordinates?

A

Positions left to right.

39
Q

What are elevation coordinates?

A

positions up and down.

40
Q

What are distance coordinates?

A

Positions near and far.

41
Q

What is intensity difference cues?

A

Frequencies above 2000-3000Hz, head casts a shadow and when one ear is exposed to it the other is not therefore the intensity from one ear to the other can be compared.

42
Q

What are onset differences cues?

A

Small differences in the time of arrival of each ear as if the source is to the side of the observer the onset times will differ. Therefore they can be coded and located.

43
Q

What are phase difference cues?

A

For continuous sounds for around 2000-3000Hz can identify if the sound is behind or in front or right or left. Due to the sound travelling in waves. If the sound if in front or behind the ears will be pushed at the same time however if it is from the left or right they will be alternating being pushed in allowing the location to be identified.

44
Q

What is the monaural cue?

A

Only needs one ear, can localise sounds coming from above or below. The specific shape of the pinna and head affect the intensities of difference frequencies on a different way. The information for location comes from changes in the spectrum of frequencies.

45
Q

How have measurements been performed on monaural cues?

A

Using a small microphone in ears and comparing the intensities of frequencies with those at the sound source.

46
Q

What is the vestibular system?

A

Includes the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs, and it is a closely related sensory organ that uses hair cells.

47
Q

What are the vestibular sacs?

A

One of a set of two receptor organs in each inner ear that detects changes in the tilt of the head.

48
Q

What are the semi circular canals?

A

One of three ring-like structures of the vestibular apparatus that detects changes in head rotation in any direction.

Perception (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions