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Perception > Neurons and action potentials > Flashcards

Neurons and action potentials Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Soma of a neuron?

A

Cell body which contains the nucleus.

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2
Q

What is the dendrites of a neuron?

A

A branched treelike structure attached to the soma, receives information from the terminal button of other neurons.

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3
Q

What is the axon of a neuron?

A

The long cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma to the terminal buttons.

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4
Q

What are terminal buttons?

A

The bud at the end of a brach of an axon forms synapses with another neuron and sends information to it.

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5
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between the terminal buttons of one axon and the membrane of another neuron.

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6
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Chemicals released by terminal buttons and can have excitatory and inhibitory effects on other neuron action potentials.

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7
Q

What are Glial cells?

A

Cells in the nervous systems that form the myelin sheaths.

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8
Q

What are myelin sheaths?

A

A sheath that surrounds an axon and insulates then preventing spreading signals between adjacent axons.

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9
Q

What are nodes of ranvier?

A

Gaps between the myelination which speeds up conduction.

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10
Q

How fast are AP with myelination?

A

260MPH

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11
Q

How small are neurons in the CNS?

A

5-100 microns

1 micron = 1/1000mm

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12
Q

What are used to measure neural signals?

A

Microelectrodes

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13
Q

What do recording and referencing electrodes do?

A

Recording goes inside the nerve fibre and referencing goes outside, the difference in charge is measured.

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14
Q

Which charges do sodium, potassium and chlorine have?

A

Sodium- Positive
Potassium- Positive
Chloride- Negative

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15
Q

When do action potentials occur?

A
  • When permeability changes
  • When NA+ flows into the fibre
  • When K+ flows out of the fibre
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16
Q

Briefly what happens in depolarisation?

A

-When threshold is met sodium channels open increasing sodium level and causing depolarisation. When it reaches its peak sodium channels close.

17
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

-70mv

18
Q

What is the depolarisation charge?

A

+40mv

19
Q

Briefly what is repolarisation?

A

Potassium channels open at the peak of depolarisation as the sodium channels close causing a decrease in potential.

20
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

Occurs during repolarisation in which too much potassium inside the neuron and the charge overshoots and becomes too negative.

21
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Occurring after hyperpolarisation the sodium potassium pump restores the membrane to rest of -70mv, during this period no other action potentials can occur.

22
Q

Why is the refractory period important?

A

Allows the signal to travel along the axon as the delay of 1ms prevents the signal from travelling backwards.

23
Q

What does acetylcholine do?

A

Regulates motor control, contributing to attention, learning, sleep and memory. E.g. they deteriorate in Alzheimer’s patients.

24
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

Influences movement, motivation, emotional pleasure and arousal. e.g. high levels are linked to schizophrenia and low produce tremors in mobility diseases such as Parkinson’s.

25
Q

What does glutamate do?

A

A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory. Over supply can overstimulate brain causing migraines or seizures.

26
Q

What does GABA do?

A

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, undersupply linked to seizures and insomnia.

27
Q

What is noradrenaline?

A

Helps control mood and arousal, undersupply can depress mood.

28
Q

What is seretonin?

A

Regulates hunger, sleep, arousal and aggression. E.g. Undersupply links to depression.

29
Q

What do antidepressants do?

A

Raise seretonin levels.

30
Q

What do endorphins do?

A

Act within the pain pathway and emotional centres of the brain, lack of could lower pain threshold and reduce the ability to self-soothe.

31
Q

What are excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

They cause depolarisation, the neuron becomes more positive and is more likely to reach the threshold to cause an action potential.

32
Q

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

They cause hyperpolarisation, neuron becomes more negative and decreases the likelihood of an action potential via reaching the threshold.

33
Q

What is reuptake?

A

When a synapse is deactivated by the neurotransmitters being taken back up and recycles to the vesicles in the presynaptic neuron.

34
Q

What is presynaptic auto-receptors?

A

The stopping of a release of the neurotransmitters before they diffuse across the membrane.

35
Q

What is enzymatic degradation?

A

The neurotransmitters being broken down by enzymes to deactivate the synapse.

Perception (11 decks)

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