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Perception > Taste and smell > Flashcards

Taste and smell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two senses for detecting chemical stimuli in our environment?

A

Gustation and olfaction.

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2
Q

What is gustation?

A

Taste

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3
Q

What is olfaction?

A

Smell

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4
Q

What do gustation and olfaction do as the gatekeepers of the body?

A

Identify things that should be consumed for survival, detect things that would be harmful and should be rejected, cause good and bad affective (emotional) responses.

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5
Q

What are the associations for taste?

A

Sweet- nutritive value
Bitter- potentially harmful
Salty- presence of sodium

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6
Q

What is umami?

A

Taste described as meaty, brothy or savoury, associated with MSG

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7
Q

What are the 5 dimensions of flavour?

A

Sweet, salty, bitter, sour and umami.

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8
Q

What are the bumps on the tongue?

A

Fungiform papillae.

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9
Q

How many taste buds and receptors are in papillae?

A

Several hundred taste buds which contain anywhere between 5-100 receptor cells.

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10
Q

What is a filiform papillae?

A

Shaped like cones and. located over entire surface, no taste buds.

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11
Q

What are fungiform papillae?

A

Shaped like mushrooms and found on sides and tip of tongue.

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12
Q

What are foliate papillae?

A

Series of folds on back and sides

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13
Q

What are circumvilliate papillae?

A

Shaped like flat mounds in a trench located at back.

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14
Q

Where are taste buds found?

A

In the papillae, except filiform as they mediate touch.

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15
Q

How many taste buds are on the tongue?

A

approx 10,000

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16
Q

When does transduction occur in the tongue?

A

When chemicals contact the receptor sites on the tips.

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17
Q

Where are different tastes evoked int he tongue?

A

Anywhere, it is known that one area can evoke more than one taste.

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18
Q

What are taste cells?

A

Cells that are used to make up taste buds, they have one or more fibres associated with each cell.

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19
Q

What are the receptor sites in taste?

A

Locates on tips of taste cells, different types of sites for different taste chemicals, the chemicals are transduced to electrical signals effecting iron flow over the membrane of the taste cell.

20
Q

What are the three nerves taste receptor cells send information through?

A

Facial nerve, glossopharyngeal and the vagus.

21
Q

Where is the facial nerve sending information from?

A

From front and sides of the tongue.

22
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal send information from?

A

From back of the tongue.

23
Q

Where does the vagus send information from?

A

Mouth and throat.

24
Q

Where do the three facial cranial nerves connect and send information to?

A

The solitary tract in the spinal cord then travel through to the thalamus.

25
Q

Where does the taste information go after the thalamus?

A

One of two areas in the frontal lobe,
Insula
Frontal operculum cortex.

26
Q

What is the olfactory mucosa?

A

The mucus membrane that contains the cilia of the olfactory receptors. The membrane is located at the roof of the nasal sinus, just under the base of the brain.

27
Q

What are the olfactory bulbs?

A

The structures at the base of the brain, containing the neural circuits that process olfactory information. These neurons receive information directly from the axons of the olfactory receptors.

28
Q

How many types of Olfactory Receptor Neurons is there (ORNs)?

A

Around 350, 10,000 of each type so therefore 3.5 millions of ORNs.

29
Q

What is known as macrosmatic and microsmatic creatures?

A

Macrosmatic is creatures with a keen sense of smell that is necessary for survival, e.g. dogs
Microsmatic is creatures with a less keen sense of smell that is not critical to survival. e.g. humans.

30
Q

How more sensitive are rats and dogs to odours than humans?

A

Rats- 8-50 times more sensitive.

Dogs- 300-10,000 times more sensitive.

31
Q

How are some creatures more sensitive to smell?

A

Each individual receptor has the same sensitivity in all creatures however the amount of receptors depicts if a creature is more sensitive to smell. e.g. dogs have around 1 billion ORNs.

32
Q

What is the recognition threshold?

A

The concentration needed to determine quality of an odourant.

33
Q

How many smells can humans discriminate against?

A

100,000

34
Q

Why cant humans label all the smells they can recognise accurately?

A

Caused due to an inability to retrieve the name from memory.

35
Q

Why do researchers find it difficult to map perceptual experiences onto physical attributes of of odourants?

A

Language issue: there is no specific language that describes odour.
Lack of any clear structural function relationship, some molecules that have similar structure smell different while some smell the same.

36
Q

What is the perception of gustatory infomation?

A

The idea that taste and flavour are not the same, there too many alternating factors.

37
Q

What is the retronasal route?

A

Passage in back of the nose to the throat, when something is being swallowed the scent travels up the retronasal route and hits the olfactory mucosa so even if the nose is blocked as something is being swallowed it can still be smelled.

38
Q

What is the definition of flavour?

A

The combination of smell, taste and other factors such as burning of spicy food.

39
Q

What are the other factors that influence flavour?

A

Smell, taste, context, size/appearance, texture, temperature, physiological stat (hungry), mood state, previous experience, beliefs, preferences.

40
Q

Where are responses from taste and smell combined?

A

Orbital frontal cortex (OFC)

41
Q

Which other pathways converge at the OFC?

A

Somatosensory cortex, and lower temporal cortex. Therefore the visual perception of the food and the temperature and sensory experience of the food.

42
Q

What do the bimodal neurons do?

A

Respond to both taste and vision, or taste and smell.

The firing of these neurons are effected by the hunger of the animal.

43
Q

Where does the olfaction pathway go?

A

Olfaction->olfactory bulb -> primary olfactory cortex ->OFC

44
Q

Where does the vision pathway go?

A

V4->IT cortex (what pathway)->OFC

45
Q

Where are vision and touch signals send?

A

OFC and amygdala (Vision)

OFC and insula (Touch)

Perception (11 decks)

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