The Self Part One Flashcards
The I and Me
William James
The Me:
an object that can be observed and described
—statements about the self; I am friendly, I have brown hair; the main topic of the chapter because it can be more easily studied
The I:
does the observing and describing
—a somewhat mysterious entity; experiences life and makes decisions; people differ in level of self-awareness
The Self Across Cultures:
Two approaches: assume the self is a Western cultural artifact that has no meaning in other cultures; examine how the self and its implications might differ across cultural contexts
Individualistic Cultures
the self has an independent and separate existence
Collectivist Cultures
The self is embedded in a larger social context of obligations and relationships
Is the Self a Cultural Artifact
Some evidence that people from different cultures think of the self in fundamentally different ways
Differences in how Americans and Indians describes others:
Americans—50% trait terms: friendly, cheap, etc.; Indians—20% trait terms: what they do for others: Brings cakes to my family, has trouble giving to his family; assumption: People think of themselves in the same way they think of others.
Differences in number of the trait terms in languages
English has several times more trait terms than Chinese.
Other interpretations are possible:
20% of Indian descriptions were trait terms, so they understand the concept; phrases given by Indian participants may still be traits, b
Individualist and Collectivist Selves
This is the second approach to research
Western Self:
Relatively separate entity
Eastern Self
more integrated into the social and cultural context
Self-Regard
The need for positive self-regard may be felt less acutely by a member of a collectivist culture because individual well-being is more connected to the well-being of a larger group.
Individualist and Collectivist Selves
Consistency
Consistency
- –Expectations for consistency depend on the perceived cause of behavior
- –Differences in consistency are absolute, not relative
- –Personality matters in both kinds of cultures
Expectations for consistency depend on the perceived cause of behavior
individualistic cultures perceive the cause of behavior to be internal and expect consistency; collectivist cultures perceive the cause of behavior to be external and do not expect consistency (and also feel less conflict about inconsistent behavior)
Differences in consistency are absolute, not relative:
In both cultures, people who are the highest on a trait in one situation are also highest in other situations (relative consistency); but individuals in collective cultures have more varied behavior across situations than individuals in individualistic cultures (absolute consistency).