Neo-Freudains and Psychodynamic Theorists

Question 1

Industry vs. inferiority

Answer 1

8–12 years)
Corresponds to the latency period
Develop skills and abilities to succeed in the world of work and contribute to society

Question 2

Identity vs. identity confusion

Answer 2

(adolescence)
Corresponds to the genital stage
Figure out who I am and what is important

Question 3

Intimacy vs. isolation

Answer 3

(young adulthood)

Find an intimate life partner

Question 4

Generativity vs. stagnation

Answer 4

(middle age)

Turn concern to the next generation or become passive

Question 5

Integrity vs. despair

Answer 5

(old age)
Brought on by the prospect of death
Based on feelings about one’s life

Question 6

Major contributions of Erikson’s theory

Answer 6

Psychological development is based on the structure of society
Life-span development
More emphasis on one’s capacity to negotiate existential crises/challenges

Question 7

Object Relations Theory

Answer 7

Melanie Klein and D. W. Winnicott
Objects: emotionally important people
Object relations theory: the analysis of interpersonal relationships
We relate to others via the images of them in our minds
The images do not always match reality
Applies as well to our relationship to our self

Question 8

Object Relations Theory: Four Principal Themes

Answer 8

Every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration, or pleasure and pain.
The mix of love and hate
Distinction between parts of the love object and the whole person
Breast vs. mother; wealth vs. whole person
The psyche is aware of and disturbed by these contradictory feelings

Question 9

Object Relations Theory (facts)

Answer 9

Split of love objects into good and bad parts
May use neurotic defenses to ignore the bad
The false self: used to please others

Question 10

Object Relations Theory: Transitional objects

Answer 10

source of comfort when the adult is not available; help the child face the world alone
used to bridge the gap between private fantasy and reality
Sentimental objects for adults

Question 11

Object Relations Theory: Purpose of object relations therapy

Answer 11

Minimize discrepancies between true and false selves
Help the rational resources of the mind work through irrational defenses
To help the client see important people in his or her life the way they actually are: whole individuals with both good and bad parts
Must love always be mixed with frustration and resentment?

Question 12

Current Psychoanalytic Research

Answer 12

Most research is done by academics, not practicing psychoanalysts
Some researchers do not realize that what they study is based on Freudian or neo-Freudian ideas
Independent and simultaneous mental processes
Unconscious mental processes

Question 13

Current Psychoanalytic Research Part Two

Answer 13

Compromises among mental processes negotiated outside of consciousness
Self-defensive thoughts and self-deception
The influence of the past (especially childhood) on current functioning
The influence of sexual or aggressive wishes on thought, feeling, and behavior

Question 14

Testing Psychoanalytic Hypotheses

Answer 14

The unconscious part of the mind can perceive things without the conscious mind’s awareness.
Most of what the mind does is unconscious

Question 15

Transference

Answer 15

applying old patterns of behavior and emotions to new relationships

Question 16

Based on evolutionary theory:

Answer 16

humans evolved in a risky environment and feared being along, which motivated the desire for protection from someone else who is interested in the person’s survival and well-being; desire is especially strong in infancy and early childhood

Question 17

Two lessons from experiences with adult caregivers

Answer 17

reliability of attachment figure; whether one is the kind of person to whom attachment figures respond in a helpful way

Question 18

John Bowlby

Answer 18

Saw attachment as the basis of love
Based on evolutionary theory
Desire for protection leads to attachments
Two lessons from experiences with adult caregivers: reliability of attachment figure; whether one is the kind of person to whom attachment figures respond in a helpful way

Question 19

Attachment Theory

Answer 19

Based on idea of transference

Focuses on patterns of relationships with others that are consistently repeated with different partners throughout life

Question 20

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 20

Developed the strange situation task

Look at reactions to mother leaving and returning to determine type of attachment

Question 21

Types of attachment

Answer 21

Anxious ambivalent: vigilant about mother’s presence and become upset when she leaves
Caregivers are inconsistent
Adults: attempts to cling to others drives them away; obsessed with romantic partners; jealous

Question 22

Developed the strange situation task:

Answer 22

child is briefly separated from, and then reunited with, the mother

Question 23

Types of attachment: avoidant

Answer 23

not distressed when mother leaves and ignore her when she returns
Caregivers rebuff attempts for contact and reassurance
Adults: angry self-reliance and cold, distant attitude toward others; uninterested in romantic relationships; like to work alone

Question 24

Types of attachment: Secure

Answer 24

greet mother happily when she returns
Easily soothed, actively explore environment
Adults: positive attitude toward relationships; tend to have long and stable relationships

Question 25

Attachment patterns are self-fulfilling:

Answer 25

learned in childhood, reinforced across young adulthood

Question 26

Current Psychoanalytic Research: Attachment Theory

Answer 26

Attachment patterns are self-fulfilling
Moving from three types to two dimensions (anxiety and avoidance)
People high in anxiety and avoidance do not pay attention to signs of emotion from others

Question 27

Current Psychoanalytic Research: Attachment Theory Part Two

Answer 27

Evidence of unconscious priming of attachment figures: people responded faster to names of people with whom they were emotionally attached after a threatening subliminal prime than after a neutral prime; there was not a difference for names of people with whom they were not attached
The doctrine of opposites: too anxious or too avoidant is bad

Question 28

Five neo-Freudian propositions that are firmly established and supported

Answer 28

Much of mental life is unconscious
The mind does many things at once and can be in conflict with itself
Events of childhood shape adult personality
Relationships formed with significant other people establish patterns that are repeated
Psychological development involves moving from an unregulated, immature, and self-centered state to a more regulated, mature state in which relationships become increasingly important

Question 29

To prevent anxiety (supports the defense mechanism of denial):

Answer 29

When flashed on a screen, participants do not report recognizing dirty words but do recognize other words

Question 30

Parallel distributed processing (PDP):

Answer 30

the mind does many different things at once and only some of this is conscious; conscious thoughts and behavior are a compromise of the unconscious processes