Assessments Part Two-Quiz Three

Question 1

What is a consequence of everyday judgements of personality

Answer 1

Opportunities
•Appearances and first impressions may be mistaken and unfair, but they have effects, including opportunities for employment or friendships
•About 25% consider themselves shy; how do other people perceive them? Or, how might the opposite—self-assuredness—be perceived by others?

Question 2

What is another consequence of everyday judgements of personality

Answer 2

• Intellectual expectancy effects (Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968):
• Climate-expression of attitudes and emotion; •Feedback-more differentiated and responsive; •Input-more and more difficult material; •Output-extra opportunities for performance

Question 3

What is an additional consequence of everyday judgements of personality

Answer 3

Social expectancy effects (Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid, 1977):
•self-fulfilling prophesy-behavior is influenced by how others expect us to act (and our perceptions of their expectations, which tend to be very
accurate)

Question 4

Jussim (1991): Where do expectancies generally come from?

Answer 4

Often (not always) based on experience, and so likely to be correct—they magnify or maintain
actual behavioral tendencies.
• Good looking people really are more socially skilled (on average)
But, expectancy effects are real outside contrived
situations, how strong is the question.
• Especially strong when held by more than one important person for a long period of time—effects accumulate and increase (e.g., alcohol use, gender
or racial prejudice)

Question 5

What criteria can be used to assess accuracy? Two epistemological answers:

Answer 5

Constructivism and Critical realism

Question 6

What is constructivism

Answer 6

the philosophical view that reality, as a concrete entity, does not exist and that only ideas or “constructions” of reality exist. The answer here is none; personality is a social construction so there are no
absolute or truly objective criteria.

Question 7

What is critical realism

Answer 7

the philosophical view that the absence of perfect, infallible criteria for truth does not imply that all interpretations of reality are equally valid. We can reject some beliefs and criteria, and all information might be helpful. (But there will always be some degree of indeterminacy, and so uncertainty.)

Question 8

Name three criteria for accuracy

Answer 8

Convergent Validation, Interjudge Agreement, and Behavioral prediction/predictive validity

Question 9

Define Convergent Validation

Answer 9

the process of assembling diverse pieces of information that converge on a common conclusion
•The duck test

Question 10

Define Interjudge Agreement

Answer 10

the degree to which two or more judges of the same person provide the same descriptions of personality

Question 11

Define Behavioral Prediction/Predictive Validity

Answer 11

the degree to which a judgment can predict behavior

Question 12

How are first impressions made?

Answer 12

Made rapidly, automatically and with little conscious thought. They are typically hard to change once formed. But are they accurate?

Question 13

What are some validity factors based on the face?

Answer 13

Extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience based on sitting together without talking •Dominant vs. submissive and sexuality from looking at a person’s face
•Low vs. high agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness for composite faces of extreme scores

Question 14

What are other visible signs of personality? (Part One of Four)

Answer 14

Extraversion: fashionable dress, stylish haircut, speaking in a loud voice

Question 15

What are other visible signs of personality (Part Two of Four)

Answer 15

Openness and conscientiousness from bedrooms: Openness, variety of reading material; and, conscientiousness, bed made, neat overall

Question 16

What are other visible signs of personality (Part Three of Four)

Answer 16

Musical preferences: inventive, imaginative, tolerant, and liberal people tend to like reflective, complex music; curious, risk-taking, and physically
attractive people tend to like aggressive and intense music

Question 17

What are other visible signs of personality (Part Four of Four)

Answer 17

Handshakes: firmness is positively related to extraversion (E) and emotionally expressive and negatively related to shyness and anxiety

Question 18

What are Moderators of Accuracy?

Answer 18

variables that change the correlation between a judgment and its criterion

Question 19

Name an example of a moderator of accuracy

Answer 19

The good judge
•Early findings (pre-1955): depends on the context or trait being judged;
intelligent and conscientious (duh!)

Question 20

What is some recent research in regards to moderators of accuracy?

Answer 20

For males: extraverted, well-adjusted, unconcerned with what others think of them
•For females: open, wide range of interests, value independence
•High in communion (interested in developing and maintaining interpersonal relationships); socially skilled, agreeable, adjusted; attributionally complex; judge others favorably

Question 21

Personality judgments in daily life

Answer 21

affect the opportunities that people are given

Question 22

Based on the four moderators of accuracy, it can be concluded that

Answer 22

information quality will be high in weak, unstructured, and emotionally arousing situations

Question 23

The Realistic Accuracy Model

Answer 23

is useful for explaining how accurate judgments of personality are possible.