The self as perceived by others Flashcards
How people form impressions of us:
What is the “good judge”?
Judge: the individual trying to form an impression of the “target
Accurately understanding personality of other person based on:
*Self-report
*Informant reports
*Behavioural measures
What is research on the good judge about?
See if someone’s perception of person A matches with person A’s self assessment
How has research struggled with the good judge?
Research has struggled to find criteria to differentiate good from bad judges
Are there some ppl who are better at forming impressions of others?
Is it the target?
What is the realistic accuracy model (RAM)?
New model (old was good judge)
Adds the target
Is person A giving reasonable information to the judge?
What are the steps of the realistic accuracy model (RAM)?
(What they measure)
Target:
Relevance: Are personality cues relevant?Availability: Are they available to the judge?
Judge:
Detection: Does the judge detect them?Utilization: Does the judge use them to form an impression
How did they test the realistic accuracy model (RAM)?
Question: Do we need a “good target” to have the “good judge”?
Method:
- Judges and targets
- Video of face to face (and try form impression)
Findings:
- With good targets = more accurate good judges
- Bad target = not accurate
Worked in person and on video
Big support for realistic accuracy model
Who is a better target for an impression
Toby or Jim from the office?
Jim (more expressive and open)
Toby (sad and closed off)
What makes someone a good target?
Relevance Stage
- Psychological Adjustment
- Self-Concept Clarity
- Power
- Psychological Adjustment
*High self-esteem: trait-coherent behaviour
*Accurate, not overly positive impression
*Low self-esteem: less accurately perceived
*More cautious in expressing negative feelings, traits
- Self-Concept Clarity
*Higher SCC = greater motivation to behave in line with important/relevant trait - Power
*Trait dominance, experimentally manipulated power led to greater expression of true opinions and values
(ex. highly powered politicians are more likely to express views)
What makes someone a good target?
Availability
- Extroversion
- Emotional expressiveness
- Extroversion
*With others more frequently and for longer periods of time
*Provide more information within a time period then introverts
- Emotional expressiveness
- Can verbal / non verbal cues be picked up?
*Improves perceptions of more affect related traits, e.g., agreeableness, neuroticism
*Lower levels associated with less accurate personality judgement
Affect traits only
What are the Intrapersonal and Interpersonal benefits of being a good target?
Intrapersonal benefits
*Self-disclosure: disclosing personal information to others is often rewarding
*Self-verification: intrinsically satisfying to received feedback that aligns with our self-view
Interpersonal benefits:
*People who are more accurately perceived tend to be better liked
*Greater intimacy and relationship satisfaction
Workplace: Moore et al. (2017) found that high quality applicants driven to self-verify were more likely to be offered a job
What is The looking glass self/reflected appraisal?
Processes by which people’s self-views are influenced by their perceptions of how others view them
What is Metaperception?
Stage of reflected appraisal/ looking glass self in which people form subjective impressions of others’ views of them
(where u guess their opinion)
Are metaperceptions accurate?
Probably
Accuracy best with family, then friends, then acquaintance
Are we good at metaperception no matter what age?
Change across development
Study on kids 1-6
Accuracy improves with age, but all kids displayed meta-accuracy
Why might metaperceptions be inaccurate?
research also finds consistent biases in metaperceptions
*“Literature review of looking-glass self research shows that there is no consistent relationship between self-reports and observers reports”
*Implication: looking-glass self means that the self concept is shaped by how we think others see us, not by how they actually see us (not actually accurate)
SO:
*Findings and conclusions of studies will differ based on methodology
*Previously discussed variables will affect whether this is true, e.g., closeness of observer, quality of target/judge etc
What causes bias in metaperception?
False consensus effect
Tendency to overestimate the overlap between self-views and views of others; applies to metaperceptions
- Overestimating how similar other’s views of u is similar to ur view of urself
What causes bias in metaperception?
Illusion of transparency
overestimating the extent to which our feelings, personality, goals etc. are evident to others
What causes bias in metaperception?
Overlooking overt cues
social situations are cognitively taxing causing people to miss social cues
How do self appraisals (how we see ourselves) colour metaperception?
Negative self-views
*Low self-esteem associated with difficulty accepting positive views about oneself
*More likely to make “make mountains out of molehills” when criticized (Murray et al., 2002)
Self-enhancement bias
*People prone to interpret others’ views of themselves in a self-enhancing manner
*Eagerness to learn others’ impressions associated with self-enhancement
How do metaperceptions affect our thoughts and behaviours?
(workplace)
Would Jim feel comfortable asking Michael for a raise?
Does jim think michel thinks he is skilled?
Yes so he probably would
If michel says no (wont be huge consequences - they are friends)
How do metaperceptions affect our thoughts and behaviours?
leadership study
*Self-rating: leaders rated their own interpersonal competencies
*Other-rating: leaders’ direct report staff rated their leaders’ interpersonal competencies (staff rated their leader)
*Prediction-rating: leaders rated how they thought their direct reports rated their interpersonal competencies
*Effectiveness rating: leaders’ supervisors rated how good leaders were at their job
What did they find?
*Self-ratings consistently higher than prediction-ratings (they thought of themselves more positively then they thought others thought of them)
*Alignment between self-ratings and other-ratings predicted effectiveness
*BUT alignment between prediction-ratings and other-ratings significantly better predicted effectiveness
MEANING: their metaprediction was more accurate to how their supervisors rated them (how ur staff view u is more relevant than how u view urself)
How do metaperceptions affect our thoughts and behaviours?
(teamwork)
What are these?
Reciprocal expertise affirmation
Sharedness of expertise perceptions
- Reciprocal expertise affirmation: Extent to which team members respect, value, and affirm each other’s expertise
*Sharedness of expertise perceptions: extent to which team members agree about each others’ expertise
How do metaperceptions affect our thoughts and behaviours?
(teamwork)
What is the hypothesis of the study?
Reciprocal expertise affirmation (valuing other’s expertise) would lead to more cooperation and therefore better team performance
How do metaperceptions affect our thoughts and behaviours?
(teamwork)
groups of ppl in business school
Reciprocal expertise affirmation: ask people how they thought their team members view them
Performance rated by a panel of experts (CEOs from real companies)
What did they find?
*High shared expertise perceptions:
*Reciprocal expertise affirmation → coordinated action → performance
*Low shared expertise perceptions:
*Reciprocal expertise affirmation unrelated to coordinated action (so no relationship)
How do metaperceptions affect our thoughts and behaviours?
(Romantic Relationships)
What creates an Actor’s perception? (ex. how I view my partner)
Partners reality and also partners illusions
How do metaperceptions affect our thoughts and behaviours?
(Romantic Relationships)
What are the two hypotheses?
Hypothesis 1: Positive illusions lead to relationship distress and dissolution
- Seeing partner as better then they view themself = distress
Hypothesis 2: Positive illusions have self-fulfilling effects, leading to more relationship satisfaction and longevity
- Seeing them as better is better
How do metaperceptions affect our thoughts and behaviours?
(Romantic Relationships)
What is the Reflected appraisals hypothesis?
individuals come to more closely resemble the idealized perceptions their partners view them with
How do metaperceptions affect our thoughts and behaviours?
(Romantic Relationships)
Is Reflected appraisals hypothesis true (study)?
Measures of self, partner, typical partner, ideal partner (personality traits, and satisfaction)
How do metaperceptions affect our thoughts and behaviours?
(Romantic Relationships)
(reflected apprisals)
What did the study find on:
Relationship quality
Relationship Longevity
Self-fulfilling idealization
Relationship quality
*Idealizing one’s partner and being idealized → greater satisfaction, fewer conflicts, less serious doubts
*Perceiving one’s partner as falling short of ideals → more destructive conflict styles
Relationship longevity
*Idealization → longevity
*Accurate understanding of a partner’s qualities unrelated to longevity
Self-fulfilling idealization
*Idealization → positive change in partner’s self-concept, more secure attachment style
*Idealized images are most vulnerable when they are out of touch with a partner’s reality
Bascially idealized is always great unless they don’t match ur partners reality (too much idealization is bad)
How true were the two relationship hypotheses?
Hypothesis 1: Positive illusions lead to relationship distress and dissolution
(false unless: illusions are completely adrift of partner’s reality)
Hypothesis 2: Positive illusions have self-fulfilling effects, leading to more relationship satisfaction and longevity
TRUE
