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Indivdual > The Self > Flashcards

The Self Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the self

A

Self knowledge/self concept

The public self/interpersonal self

The agent/executive function

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2
Q

Purpose of self

A

Gain social acceptance

Playing social roles

Keeping things on track

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3
Q

Self-awareness

A

Attraction towards the self

Public self awareness

Private self awareness

Involves evaluative comparison with the standard and leads to the change in behaviour

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4
Q

Duval & Wicklund (1972): self awareness theory

A

Suggest some situations, such as looking in the mirror, leads to self awareness

Self aware people feel bad because they notice any discrepancies between who they are and standards

They can either change by matching the behaviour to the standard, or escape by trying to escape the self awareness state

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5
Q

Self-awareness and behaviour

A

Self-awareness improves behaviour, enable people to do more socially desirable behaviour

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6
Q

When self-awareness is bad…

A

They seek escape and usually drink alcohol, some extreme escape can be suicide

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7
Q

The purpose of self awareness

A

Self regulation to control the self
Adopt the perspective of other people
Manage behaviour in pursuing of goals

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8
Q

Food for thought: eating binge and escape the self (self awareness)

A

Eating a lot to escape from negative thoughts about the self, to reduce and unpleasant self

Eating can serve as a distraction from negative thoughts about the self

Dieters have high in public self-awareness as they care about what others think about them
Low in self awareness, as they tend to ignore hunger

Dieters are more likely to binge eating and lose awareness of fullness

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9
Q

Where self knowledge comes from: how we know?

A 
Looking outside
Looking inside
Looking at others
Self handicapping 
Self perception theory
Overjustification effects
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10
Q

Looking outside: Looking glass self (Cooley, 1902)

A

Imagine feedback

The idea that people learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others

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11
Q

Generalised other (Mead, 1934)

A

A combination of other peoples views that tells you who and what you are

Hard to give and receive negative comments

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12
Q

Looking inside: introspection

A

The process by which a person examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states

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13
Q

Limitations of introspection

A

We may know what we think and feel, but not why because we have duplex mind

Children under 11, parents know them

Nisbett & Wilson (1977) attack on privileged access
People often do not realise how their minds work

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14
Q

Looking at others: social comparison (Festinger, 1954)

A

Examine the difference between oneself and other person

Upward social comparison

Downward social companison

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15
Q

Upward social comparison

A

Involving people better than you

Can be inspiring or discouraging you to do better and reach the goal

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16
Q

Downward social comparison

A

Comparing yourself to people worse off than you

Can make you feel good, as you are better than others

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17
Q

Self perception theory (Bem, 1965)

A

The theory that people observe their own behaviour to infer推斷 what they are thinking and how they are feeling

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18
Q

Overjustification effect

A

The tendency for instinct motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with rewards

Extrinsic motivation would gradually win over intrinsic

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19
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Wanting to perform an activity for its own sake

20
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Performing an activity that have become associated with rewards

21
Q

Deci (1971): participants randomly assigned to paid or unpaid group to work on a puzzle

A

When reward is introduced to the paid group: they spent longer working in the puzzle

When reward is removed, the spending time decreased

This is evidence of overjustification effect, as the extrinsic motivation has replaced intrinsic (play had become work)

22
Q

Why people seek self knowledge?

A

Appraisal motive
Self enhancement motive
Consistency motive

23
Q

Appraisal motive

A

The simple desire to learn the truth about oneself, whatever it is

24
Q

Self enhancement motive

A

The desire to learn favourable or flattering things about the self

25
Q

Consistency motive

A

A desire to get feedback that confirms what the person already believes about himself or herself

26
Q

When motives compete

A
  1. self enhancement motive = strongest
    - It includes emotional appeal that they feel good about themselves
  2. Consistency motive = second
    - As the cognitive appeal
  3. Appraisal motive = the weakest
27
Q

Self handicapping

A

Putting obstacles in the way of one’s own performance so that anticipated or possible failure can be blamed on the obstacle instead of on lack of ability

28
Q

Berglas & Jones (1978): impossible and very easy questions

A

Questions are based on intelligence

Impossible questions condition: more likely to take a pills that decrease intelligence

So they can blame on the pill

29
Q

Self and information processing

A

Self-reference effect

Endowment effect

30
Q

Self-reference effect

A

Information bearing on the self is processed more thoroughly and more deeply, and remembered better

31
Q

Roger et al. (1977): word that describe the self

A

Participants saw a series of words and were asked a question about each word

Participants were asked to recall the words from the the list, the accuracy was based on which question had been asked that is self related

Information related to the self is more memorable than information related to something besides the self

32
Q

Endowment effect

A

Items gain in value to the person who owns them

Everything that is self related is most important and has more effect in the self

The name letter effect - Nuttin (1985)

33
Q

Self-esteem

A

How favourably someone evaluate himself or herself

34
Q

High self-esteem

A

Have more positive views

35
Q

Low self-esteem

A

Absence of strong positive feels rather than having negative views

36
Q

Research on low self-esteem found

A

People don’t want to fail

More doubts about the self and uncertain

Focus on self protection instead of self enhancement

More prone to emotional highs and lows

37
Q

The self esteem myth

A

Low self-esteem leads to aggression

38
Q

Baumesister (2000): in fact about aggression is…

A

People who have high self-esteem are prone to aggression

39
Q

Positive illusion in normal people

A

Overestimate good qualities

Underestimate faults

Overestimate control over events

Unrealistically optimistic

40
Q

Benefits of high self esteem

A

Initiative

It feels good

41
Q

Initiative

A

More willing to approach people and strike up new friendships

More willing to go against other peoples advice and do what they think is best

42
Q

It feels good

A

Helps to overcome the bad feelings

Willing to try again harder

43
Q

Negative of high self-esteem

A

Narcissism

  • tend to be more aggressive & violent
  • low level of empathy

Higher prejudice

  • more likely to judge
  • tend to think their group is better
44
Q

Why do we even we care about self-esteem?

A

The sociometer theory

Self-esteem feels good, and because people want to feel good, they want to maintain their self esteem (Terror management)

45
Q

Sociometer

A

And measure of desirable one would be to other people

46
Q

The social side of sex: self esteem & say no to sex

A

Evidence doesn’t show that high self-esteem helps youngster resist having sex

There is a link between virginity and low self-esteem in men

Women with high self-esteem tend to underestimate the dangers of sex and ignore pregnancy risk

47
Q

What makes us human

A

Self-awareness and self-concept

To gain social acceptance and participate in culture

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