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Aggression and Antisocial Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Tradeoff: Military action an effective way to fight terrorism?

A

Effective in short-term but long-term creates a new pool of territories

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2
Q

Aggression

A

It is intentional, and the intent is to harm that the victim wants to avoid harm

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3
Q

Different forms of aggression

A 
Displaced aggression
Direct aggression
Indirect aggression
Hostile aggression
Instrumental aggression
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4
Q

Displaced aggression

A

Any behaviour that intentionally harms a substitute target rather than the provocateur

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5
Q

Direct aggression

A

Any behaviour that intentionally harms another person who is physically present

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6
Q

Indirect aggression

A

Any behaviour that intentionally harms another person who is absent

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7
Q

Hostile aggression

A

Hot, impulsive, angry behaviour motivated by desire to harm someone

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8
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

Cold, calculated harmful behaviour that is a means to some practical or material end

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9
Q

Violence

A

Aggressive that has as its goal extreme physical harm such as injury or death

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10
Q

Antisocial behaviour

A

Behaviour that either damages interpersonal relationships or is cultural culturally undesirable

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11
Q

Is aggression innate or learned?

A

Instinct theories
Learning theorists
Nature and nurture

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12
Q

Instinct theories

A

Darwin: evolutionary adaptation, to survive
Freud: human motivational forces, such as sex
- Eros
- Thanatos

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13
Q

Instinct

A

An innate tendency to seek a particular goal

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14
Q

Eros

A

The drive for sensory and sexual gratification

Constructive life-giving instinct

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15
Q

Thanatos

A

Destructive, death instinct

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16
Q

Learning theories

A

Learned behaviour through modelling

Bandura’s Bobo doll study: child who watched aggressive adult model, had the highest level of aggression

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17
Q

Modelling

A

Observing and copying or imitating the behaviour of others

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18
Q

In animals

A

Kitten and rats raised together are not likely to kill each other
Kitten raised with killing mother, the most likely to kill rats
This shows model does influence aggression acts

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19
Q

Nature and nurture

A

Learning and instinct both play a role in aggression

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20
Q

Inner causes of aggression

A 
Frustration
Being in a bed mood
Hostile cognition bias
Age and aggression 
Gender and aggression
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21
Q

Frustration

A

Blockage of or interference with a personal goal 受挫
Aggression can occur without frustration and frustration not always instigate aggression
When the interference is closer to the goal, the greater frustration
Aggression is increased by frustration

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22
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

Proposal that “the occurrence of aggressive behaviour always presupposes the existence of frustration”, and always leads to some form of aggression

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23
Q

Being a bad mood

A

Bad mood doesn’t necessarily leads to aggression
If one believes aggression will reduce anger, they will behave more aggressively
Excitation transfer may increase aggression, and something else can transfer to aggression

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24
Q

Zillmann et. al. (1972)

A

Arousal from physical exercise transferred to a provocation and increased aggression

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25
Hostile attribution bias
The tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as aggressive
26
Two other related biases
Hostile perception bias | Hostile expectation bias
27
Hostile perception bias
The tendency to perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive
28
Hostile expectation bias
The tendency to assume the people who react to potential conflicts with aggression
29
Aggressive people have innate biases that make them...
Expect others to react aggressively View ambiguous acts as aggressive Assume that when someone does something to hurt or offend them
30
Age and aggression
The biological impulses to behave aggressively only emerge around puberty Tremblay: very young children are in fact the most aggressive human being on earth. 25% of toddlers of interaction in day care involve physical aggression
31
Gender and aggression
Male: fight or flight syndrome Female: tend and befriend syndrome Verbal aggression is about the same for girls and boys Females are much more likely to engage in relational aggression
32
Fight or flight syndrome
A response to stress that involves aggression get against others or running away
33
Tend and befriend syndrome
Response to stress that involves nurturing and making friendship
36
Relational aggression
Behaviour that involves intentionally harming another person’s social relationship, feelings of acceptance
37
Bullying
Persistent aggression by the perpetrator against a victim for the purpose of establishing a power relationship over the victim
38
Key feature of bullying over other acts of aggression is...
Persistent nature which the bully repeatedly picked on the victim
39
Cyberbullying
The use of the Internet to bully others
40
Interpersonal causes of aggression
Selfishness and influence Sexual aggression (social side of sex) Domestic and relationship violent
41
Selfishness and influence
Aggression: means to resolve social dispute, A form of social influence
42
Factor that encourage use of aggression
More you want the reward Believe you will be successful Unconcerned with morality or risk
43
Domestic violence
Violence that occur within the home or family, between people who have a close relationship with each other
44
Report domestic violence
Mainly women | Men are also the victim, although often underreported
45
Domestic violence among gender
Women attack their relationship partners slightly more often than men do Children are especially at risk because they can’t flight back (physically weak)
46
Domestic violence is not a recent phenomenon...
It has a long history
47
Sexual aggression
Most cultures recognise the problem that some men force women to have sex against their will, but the opposite problem has be ignored Male coercion of females is generally considered to be the most serious social problem
48
Sexual coercion is often defined broadly...
The consequences for victim depend on the definition of rape among the society
49
Profile of sexually coercive men differs from traditional stereotype that men are lack of social skills and couldn’t get sex via persuasion
In fact, they generally have other sex partners, they may devalue women
50
Weapons effect
The increase in aggression that occurred as a result of the mere presence of a weapon
51
Weapon effect: Turner (1975) horn honking
Two (rifle and vengeance bumper sticker), one (rifle and friend bumper sticker), no aggression cues ( no rifle no sticker) The more aggressive cues the motorists saw, the more likely they were to honk Findings brought up the duplex mind that aggression cues activated aggression automatically, unconsciously
52
Mass media
Violent media exposure increase aggression
53
Mass media: Bushman & Gibson (2011) violent video game
The exposure to violent media causes people to behave more aggressively immediately afterwards
54
Mass media: Huesmann et al. (2003) longitudinal relations between childhood exposure to media violence and adult aggression and violence
Violent media effects persist overtime Participants who were heavy viewers of violent tv shows in young age were most likely to have criminal behaviour in later life Also more likely to abuse their partners
55
Unpleasant environment
Hot temperatures are associated with aggression and violence (Think off effects of global warming) Loud noises, especially when its is uncontrollable Air pollution, secondhand smoke Crowding
56
Chemical influences
Testosterone Serotonin: low levels linked to aggression Alcohol
57
How alcohol influences aggression? (5)
``` Reduces inhibitions Narrowing effect on attention: focus attention only on the most salient features Decrease self awareness Disrupt executive functions People except it to ```
58
Is there a link between diet and violence?
Junk food increase violence: skipping junk food led to 47% reduction in violence acts Vitamin supplements reduces antisocial behaviour
59
Self and culture
Norms and values: Running amok Self-control Wounded pride Culture of honour
60
Running amok
According to Malaysian culture, refers to behaviour of a young man who becomes uncontrollably violent after receiving a blow to his ego
61
Running amok reveals...
Influence of culture: accepted by one culture and prohibited by another Promote violent without placing a positive value on it When people believe that aggression is beyond control they often mistaken
62
Poor self control
Important cause of crime | A predator of violent crime
63
Wounded prides
Violent individuals typically think they are better than others Have the trait of narcissism -thinking oneself special, have low empathy
64
Narcissistic personality inventory is a self report scale that measure narcissism...
High score and a blow to ego will leads to aggression | Most aggression is the result of some type of provocation
65
Culture of honour
A society that places high-value on individual respect, strength, and accept and justifies violent action in response to threat to one’s honour
66
Humiliation
A state of disgrace or loss of self-respect or of respect from others Primary cause of violence and aggression in cultures of honour
67
Southern US has culture of honour
Violent response to threats to one honour | Higher levels of violent
68
Other antisocial behaviour (5)
Cheating Stealing Littering
69
Cheating
Self-control is important predictor of cheating
70
Stealing
People in deindividuated state more likely to steal Diener et al. (1976): children were most likely to steal candy when they were not identifiable and when they were in a group
71
Deindividuation
A sense of anonymity and loss of individuality, as in a large group, making people especially likely to engage in antisocial behaviours such as theft
72
Littering
When it seems everybody else is littering, people are more likely to litter too Reduce littering through antilittering norms
73
Injunction norms
Norms that specify what most other approve or disapprove of
74
Descriptive norms
Norms that specify what most people do
75
What makes us humans?
In some ways human are more aggressive than other animals Only humans kill for ideas Human culture is unique in attempts to restrain aggression Culture creates new opportunity for antisocial behaviour

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