Aggression and Antisocial Behaviour Flashcards
Tradeoff: Military action an effective way to fight terrorism?
Effective in short-term but long-term creates a new pool of territories
Aggression
It is intentional, and the intent is to harm that the victim wants to avoid harm
Different forms of aggression
Displaced aggression Direct aggression Indirect aggression Hostile aggression Instrumental aggression
Displaced aggression
Any behaviour that intentionally harms a substitute target rather than the provocateur
Direct aggression
Any behaviour that intentionally harms another person who is physically present
Indirect aggression
Any behaviour that intentionally harms another person who is absent
Hostile aggression
Hot, impulsive, angry behaviour motivated by desire to harm someone
Instrumental aggression
Cold, calculated harmful behaviour that is a means to some practical or material end
Violence
Aggressive that has as its goal extreme physical harm such as injury or death
Antisocial behaviour
Behaviour that either damages interpersonal relationships or is cultural culturally undesirable
Is aggression innate or learned?
Instinct theories
Learning theorists
Nature and nurture
Instinct theories
Darwin: evolutionary adaptation, to survive
Freud: human motivational forces, such as sex
- Eros
- Thanatos
Instinct
An innate tendency to seek a particular goal
Eros
The drive for sensory and sexual gratification
Constructive life-giving instinct
Thanatos
Destructive, death instinct
Learning theories
Learned behaviour through modelling
Bandura’s Bobo doll study: child who watched aggressive adult model, had the highest level of aggression
Modelling
Observing and copying or imitating the behaviour of others
In animals
Kitten and rats raised together are not likely to kill each other
Kitten raised with killing mother, the most likely to kill rats
This shows model does influence aggression acts
Nature and nurture
Learning and instinct both play a role in aggression
Inner causes of aggression
Frustration Being in a bed mood Hostile cognition bias Age and aggression Gender and aggression
Frustration
Blockage of or interference with a personal goal 受挫
Aggression can occur without frustration and frustration not always instigate aggression
When the interference is closer to the goal, the greater frustration
Aggression is increased by frustration
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Proposal that “the occurrence of aggressive behaviour always presupposes the existence of frustration”, and always leads to some form of aggression
Being a bad mood
Bad mood doesn’t necessarily leads to aggression
If one believes aggression will reduce anger, they will behave more aggressively
Excitation transfer may increase aggression, and something else can transfer to aggression
Zillmann et. al. (1972)
Arousal from physical exercise transferred to a provocation and increased aggression
Hostile attribution bias
The tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as aggressive
Two other related biases
Hostile perception bias
Hostile expectation bias
Hostile perception bias
The tendency to perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive
Hostile expectation bias
The tendency to assume the people who react to potential conflicts with aggression
Aggressive people have innate biases that make them…
Expect others to react aggressively
View ambiguous acts as aggressive
Assume that when someone does something to hurt or offend them
Age and aggression
The biological impulses to behave aggressively only emerge around puberty
Tremblay: very young children are in fact the most aggressive human being on earth. 25% of toddlers of interaction in day care involve physical aggression
Gender and aggression
Male: fight or flight syndrome
Female: tend and befriend syndrome
Verbal aggression is about the same for girls and boys
Females are much more likely to engage in relational aggression
Fight or flight syndrome
A response to stress that involves aggression get against others or running away
Tend and befriend syndrome
Response to stress that involves nurturing and making friendship
Relational aggression
Behaviour that involves intentionally harming another person’s social relationship, feelings of acceptance
Bullying
Persistent aggression by the perpetrator against a victim for the purpose of establishing a power relationship over the victim
Key feature of bullying over other acts of aggression is…
Persistent nature which the bully repeatedly picked on the victim
Cyberbullying
The use of the Internet to bully others
Interpersonal causes of aggression
Selfishness and influence
Sexual aggression (social side of sex)
Domestic and relationship violent
Selfishness and influence
Aggression: means to resolve social dispute, A form of social influence
Factor that encourage use of aggression
More you want the reward
Believe you will be successful
Unconcerned with morality or risk
Domestic violence
Violence that occur within the home or family, between people who have a close relationship with each other
Report domestic violence
Mainly women
Men are also the victim, although often underreported
Domestic violence among gender
Women attack their relationship partners slightly more often than men do
Children are especially at risk because they can’t flight back (physically weak)
Domestic violence is not a recent phenomenon…
It has a long history
Sexual aggression
Most cultures recognise the problem that some men force women to have sex against their will, but the opposite problem has be ignored
Male coercion of females is generally considered to be the most serious social problem
Sexual coercion is often defined broadly…
The consequences for victim depend on the definition of rape among the society
Profile of sexually coercive men differs from traditional stereotype that men are lack of social skills and couldn’t get sex via persuasion
In fact, they generally have other sex partners, they may devalue women
Weapons effect
The increase in aggression that occurred as a result of the mere presence of a weapon
Weapon effect: Turner (1975) horn honking
Two (rifle and vengeance bumper sticker), one (rifle and friend bumper sticker), no aggression cues ( no rifle no sticker)
The more aggressive cues the motorists saw, the more likely they were to honk
Findings brought up the duplex mind that aggression cues activated aggression automatically, unconsciously
Mass media
Violent media exposure increase aggression
Mass media: Bushman & Gibson (2011) violent video game
The exposure to violent media causes people to behave more aggressively immediately afterwards
Mass media: Huesmann et al. (2003) longitudinal relations between childhood exposure to media violence and adult aggression and violence
Violent media effects persist overtime
Participants who were heavy viewers of violent tv shows in young age were most likely to have criminal behaviour in later life
Also more likely to abuse their partners
Unpleasant environment
Hot temperatures are associated with aggression and violence (Think off effects of global warming)
Loud noises, especially when its is uncontrollable
Air pollution, secondhand smoke
Crowding
Chemical influences
Testosterone
Serotonin: low levels linked to aggression
Alcohol
How alcohol influences aggression? (5)
Reduces inhibitions Narrowing effect on attention: focus attention only on the most salient features Decrease self awareness Disrupt executive functions People except it to
Is there a link between diet and violence?
Junk food increase violence: skipping junk food led to 47% reduction in violence acts
Vitamin supplements reduces antisocial behaviour
Self and culture
Norms and values: Running amok
Self-control
Wounded pride
Culture of honour
Running amok
According to Malaysian culture, refers to behaviour of a young man who becomes uncontrollably violent after receiving a blow to his ego
Running amok reveals…
Influence of culture: accepted by one culture and prohibited by another
Promote violent without placing a positive value on it
When people believe that aggression is beyond control they often mistaken
Poor self control
Important cause of crime
A predator of violent crime
Wounded prides
Violent individuals typically think they are better than others
Have the trait of narcissism
-thinking oneself special, have low empathy
Narcissistic personality inventory is a self report scale that measure narcissism…
High score and a blow to ego will leads to aggression
Most aggression is the result of some type of provocation
Culture of honour
A society that places high-value on individual respect, strength, and accept and justifies violent action in response to threat to one’s honour
Humiliation
A state of disgrace or loss of self-respect or of respect from others
Primary cause of violence and aggression in cultures of honour
Southern US has culture of honour
Violent response to threats to one honour
Higher levels of violent
Other antisocial behaviour (5)
Cheating
Stealing
Littering
Cheating
Self-control is important predictor of cheating
Stealing
People in deindividuated state more likely to steal
Diener et al. (1976): children were most likely to steal candy when they were not identifiable and when they were in a group
Deindividuation
A sense of anonymity and loss of individuality, as in a large group, making people especially likely to engage in antisocial behaviours such as theft
Littering
When it seems everybody else is littering, people are more likely to litter too
Reduce littering through antilittering norms
Injunction norms
Norms that specify what most other approve or disapprove of
Descriptive norms
Norms that specify what most people do
What makes us humans?
In some ways human are more aggressive than other animals
Only humans kill for ideas
Human culture is unique in attempts to restrain aggression
Culture creates new opportunity for antisocial behaviour
