Prosocial Behaviour

Question 1

Prosocial behaviour

Answer 1

Doing something that is good for other people or for society as a whole

Question 2

Rule of law

Answer 2

When members of a society respect and follow its rules

Question 3

Reciprocity

Answer 3

The obligation to return in kind of what another has done for us

Question 4

Gratitude

Answer 4

A positive emotion that results from the perception that one has benefitted from the costly, intentional, voluntary action of another person

Question 5

Norms

Answer 5

Standards established by society to tell its members what types of behaviour of typical or expected

Question 6

Equity

Answer 6

What idea that each person receives benefits in proportion to what he or she contributes

Question 7

Equality

Answer 7

Idea that everyone gets the same amount, regardless of what he or she contributes

Question 8

Sensitivity about being the target of threatening upward comparison

Answer 8

Interpersonal concern about the consequence of outperforming others

Question 9

Corporation

Answer 9

When each person does he or her part, and together to work towards a common goal

Question 10

Prisoner’s dilemma

Answer 10

A game that force people to choose between corporation and competition

Question 11

Non-zero sum game

Answer 11

An interaction in which both participants can win or lose

Question 12

Zero sum game

Answer 12

Situation in which one person‘s gain is another’s loss

Question 13

Forgiveness

Answer 13

Ceasing to feel angry toward or seek retribution against someone who has wronged you

Question 14

Kin selection

Answer 14

The evolutionary tendency to help people who have our genes

Question 15

Empathy

Answer 15

Reacting to another persons emotional state by experiencing the same emotional state

Question 16

Egotistic helping

Answer 16

By helping others to decrease own distressed

Question 17

Altruistic helping

Answer 17

By helping other to reduce other’s distressed

Question 18

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 18

The idea that empathy motivates people to reduce other peoples distress, as by helping and comforting

Question 19

Empathy-specific reward hypothesis

Answer 19

The idea that empathy triggers the need for social rewards that can be gained by helping

Question 20

Empathy specific punishment hypothesis

Answer 20

The idea that empathy triggers the fear of social punishments that can be avoided by helping

Question 21

Negative state relief hypothesis

Answer 21

The idea that people help others in order to relieve their own distress

Question 22

Who helps the most?

Answer 22

Helpful personality (altruistic)
Similarity 
Gender
Beautiful victims
Belief in a Just world
Emotion and mood (positive)

Question 23

Belief in a Just world

Answer 23

The assumption that life is essentially fair, that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Question 24

Men will support and help each other…

Answer 24

To engage in causal sex

Question 25

Women will support and help each other to…

Answer 25

Avoid causal sex

Question 26

Can be explained by the social exchange theory

Answer 26

Women want to keep sex to be special

Men just want to have causal sex

Question 27

Bystander helping in emergencies

Answer 27

Five steps to help

Time pressure

Question 28

Bystander effect

Answer 28

The finding that people are less likely to offer help when they are in a group then when they are alone
Kitty Genovese

Question 29

5 steps to helping

Answer 29

Notice that something is happening

Interpret event as an emergency (pluralistic ignorance)

Take responsibility for providing help (diffusion of responsibility)

Decide how to help

Provide help

Question 30

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 30

Looking to others for cues about how to behave, while they are looking to you
Collective misinterpretation

Question 31

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 31

The reduction in feeling responsible that occurs when others are present

Question 32

Time pressure - Good Samartian study

Darley & Batson, 1973

Answer 32

Student walk across campus to an appointment and passed a man who was coughing and groaning
They either late or have plenty of time
Students who have plenty of time help the most
The more time they have, the more likely they help

Question 33

How can we increase help

Answer 33

Reduce distraction
Reduce pluralistic ignorance 
Reduce diffusion of responsibility 
Reduce concerns about a lack of competence to help
Reduce audience inhibition

Question 34

Audience inhibition

Answer 34

Failure to help in front of others for fear of feeling like a fool if one’s offer of help is rejected

Question 35

What make us human

Answer 35

Help individuals and society
Frequently exhibit prosocial behaviour towards other who are not family
Rule following obedience and conformity are prosocial acts
Reciprocal and cooperation with strangers

Question 36

Batson et al. (1981): the effect of stress on task performance (rigged lottery)

Answer 36

Participants asked to watch Elaine (confederate) to receive electrical shocks during a 10 trails task
Participants were either in low empathy condition (no similarity) or high empathy condition (high similarity)
Assigned to easy escape condition watched 2 trials then leave) or difficult escape condition (watch all the trails)
Participants high empathy condition traded places with Elaine in both easy and difficult to escape
Low empathy condition: left in easy escape, and moe than a half would help Elaine in difficult escape
This provides evidences for both egotistic and altruistic helping

Question 37

Low empathy condition people help to…

Answer 37

People only help to reduce owns distress

If they can walk away and ignore the victims suffering, they will do

Question 38

High empathy condition

Answer 38

People help to reduce others distress, even though they can escape they won’t because they concerned others need