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Social PSYC 308 > The Self > Flashcards

The Self Flashcards

1
Q

Self Regulation?

A

The deliberate exertion of control to alter one’s
responses (e.g., thoughts, emotions, and
actions)

We have…
- A set of standards and a commitment to them (cultural or individual)
- The ability to self-monitor
- The capacity for change

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2
Q

Willpower?

A

Mental energy needed to change activities of the self to meet desired standards

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3
Q

Ironic Process of Mental Control?

A
  • To suppress “the thought” we must have…
  • An automatic process that monitors “the thought”
  • A controlled process to distract from “the though” and towards a competing topic
    -> Must think about “the thought” to get rid of it!
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4
Q

One definition of ”The Self” from Sedikides & Gregg (2007)?

A
  • Multiple
  • Capable of self-reflection
  • Responsive to the social world (real or imagined)
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5
Q

Self-Concept? Comprised of?

A

The description and evaluation of oneself,
including psychological and physical
characteristics, qualities, skills, roles, etc.

Comprised of self-schema which organize
information about the self with respect to
specific domains of your life

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6
Q

Working self-concept

A

Set of self-aspects that are currently activated by
situational cues and strongly influence thoughts,
feelings, and actions in the moment

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7
Q

Self-Complexity?

A

How much individuals have
different and relatively
independent ways of
thinking about themselves

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8
Q

Self-concept Clarity?

A

The extent to which one’s
self-concept is clearly and
consistently defined

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9
Q

Individualism/Collectivism as Types of Social Relations

A
  • Individualistic emphasis on
    people’s autonomy, private
    fulfillment, uniqueness
  • Collectivistic emphasis on
    interpersonal harmony, group
    cohesion, and social duty
    -> impacting self-construal
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10
Q

Independent self schema

A
  • Bounded, unitary, stable self
  • Behavior organized around internal repertoire of private thoughts, feelings, and actions
  • Goals to be unique, express self, realize internal attributes, promote own goals
  • Others important for social comparison
  • Self-esteem based on ability to express self, validate internal attributes
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11
Q

Interdependent self schema?

A
  • Flexible, variable self
  • Behavior organized around statuses, roles, relationships
  • Goals to occupy one’s proper place, engage in appropriate action, group goals
  • Relationships (in specific contexts) important for self-definition
  • Self-esteem based on ability to adjust, maintain harmony
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12
Q

Being multicultural effect on self schema? Chinise-Canadian study

A
  • People born outside of Canada in a Chinese culture, could speak Chinese, spent equivalent amount of time in Canada
  • Assigned to either Chinese or English language condition
  • Open-ended self-description
  • Chinese language condition -> more collective self-statements
  • Activating individual or collective orientations
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13
Q

Levels of our social ”selves”, the personal self?

A
  • Self concept: Individuated
  • Evaluation: Tratis
  • Frame of reference: Interpersonal comparison
  • Social motivation: Self-interest
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14
Q

Levels of our social ”selves”, the relational self?

A
  • Self concept: Roles and Relations
  • Evaluation: Roles
  • Frame of reference: Reflection
  • Social motivation: Other’s Benefit
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15
Q

Levels of our social ”selves”, the collective self?

A
  • Self concept: Social Identity
  • Evaluation: Group Prototype
  • Frame of reference: Intergroup Comparison
  • Social motivation: Collective Welfare
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16
Q

Self-categorization Theory?

A

Self-categorization is inherently
variable and highly dependent on
contextual shifts in frames of
reference/situated goals and motives

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17
Q

Selves can be made salient, study?

A
  • People read story about a trip to the city
  • Asked to circle pronouns (We/Us, They/Them, or It)
  • Completed 20 “I am” task and coded for personal, relational, and collective self-definitions
  • More social self-descriptions by the “we” prime compared to the “they: and “it” conditions
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18
Q

Human capacity for introspection, definiton

A

Looking inward into conscious thoughts, feeling, motivations, and intentions

19
Q

Human capacity for introspection, problems?

A
  • Self-enhancement
  • Variable
20
Q

Social psychologists assert we have limited access to our internal attitudes, beliefs, traits, and psychological states?

A
  • We don’t have the ability to really understand all the cognitive processes that are occurring in our brain
  • Impact association test, where the explicit answers contradicts IAT
  • This is a disciplinary position for social psychology, utilised when constructing experiments and questioning participants
21
Q

Knowing the Self Though Seeing Ourselves Though the Eyes of Others, two conecpts?

A
  • Symbolic Interactionism
    People use their understanding of how others view them as the primary basis for knowing and evaluating themselves
  • The looking class self
    Others reflect back to us (like a mirror) who we are by how they behave towards us
22
Q

reflected appraisal?

A

what we think other people think about us

Significant others or the generalized
other make appraisals of you…
which you incorporate into your self-
concept
Not necessarily accurate
-> Maybe external but not internal
characteristics

23
Q

Self-perception Theory?

A

We look at our past behaviors
to make judgments about
ourselves (as we would for
others)
Particularly when attitudes are
weak or ambiguous

24
Q

Critically evaluating “power posing”

A
  • Quite controversial, has not been able to be replicated
25
Q

Intrinsic motivation?

A

Incentivized to engage in an
activity because one is
genuinely interested in it

26
Q

Extrinsic motivation?

A

Incentivized to engage in an
activity because there is
expectation of punishment or
reward

27
Q

Over justification Effect?

A

When rewarding leads to lower
rather than higher interest in the
activity (extrinsic reward
weakens intrinsic motivation
key to person’s original interest)

28
Q

Study: Advertising energy saving programs. The potential environmental cost of emphasising monetary savings?

A
  • People read as emphasizing the need to reduce the electricity bill, environmental impact, or both
  • Enroll in energy-saving program
  • Strongest effect when emphasizing on environmental benefits
29
Q

Self-Esteem?

A

How positively (or negatively) you feel about yourself

30
Q

Self-esteem can be?

A

Global:
Overall evaluation of your whole self (relevant to psychological well-being)

or

Specific:
How you feel about a particular aspect of the self, relevant to performance

31
Q

Self-esteem can also be?

A

Trait:
General attitude toward self-esteem

Consistent (based on early life experiences)

Stable/Unstable -> Fragility of self-esteem
or

State:
Feeling about the self that can temporarily increase or decrease in response to changing circumstances, achievements, and successes

Varying based on achievements/setbacks

32
Q

Higher self-esteem correlated with?

A
  • Life satisfaction +
  • Physical well-being
  • Depression -
  • Perceived stress -
33
Q

We desire to protect and enhance feelings of self-worth, what happens when we don’t?

A
  • Frustration of this goal -> psychological distress
  • Culture’s impact? We all strive, but what matters varies
34
Q

Sociometer Theory?

A
  • Self-esteem serves “as a subjective monitor of one’s relational evaluation - the degree to which other people regard their relationships with the individual to be valuable, important or close”
  • Evolved need to belong
  • Self-esteem as information about our inclusion
35
Q

Self-esteem as an anxiety buffer theory?

A
  • We biologically desire life…
  • But are are of mortality…
  • This creates Paralysing terror!
  • Solve the issue by creating culture, including self-esteem which makes us feel meaningful and easing our existential crisis
36
Q

Defending Self-Esteem by?

A
  • Better than average effect
  • Self-seving attributional bias
  • Theory of social comparison
  • Self-evaluation maintenance theory
37
Q

Better than Average Effect?

A

Judging that one is above average on most desirable characteristics
E.g., Intelligence, Humor, Driving Ability, Appearance, Negotiating Ability

38
Q

The Dunning-Kruger Effect?

A

When a person’s lack of knwoldge/skills causes them to overestimte their own confidence

39
Q

Self-Serving Attributional Bias?

A

Attributions = explanations for behavior

  • Make external attributions for bad things that one does
  • Internal attributions for good things one does
40
Q

Self-serving attributions uplifts and protects, good for … but??

A

Good for mental health
Not great for accurate understanding of poor outcomes, cannot accept and therefore lern from constructuve feedback

41
Q

Theory of Social Comparison Theory? + two types

A
  • People compare themselves to
    similar others (e.g., traits, skills, abilities)
  • Especially if there are not objective indicators of how they’re doing
  • Contrasting own performance, ability, or situation with…

Downward social comparison
individuals who did less well, have weaker abilities or are in worse situations

Upward social comparison
Those of a superior person

42
Q

Roger and Fellers experiment, people assessed peers’ excellent or poor essays and wrote one of their own. When people read a peer’s excellent essay they…

A
  • Underminded ability to write an equally good essay
  • Decreased feelings that writing ability was self-relevant
  • Less likely to write a second essay
43
Q

Self-evaluation Maintenance Theory?

A

People adjust how similar they think they are to successful others to minimize threat and maximize self-esteem

44
Q

What is the relevance of domain and similarity of the outperforming other? + two potential soluions

A

High Relevance = High Similarity = Threat

Distance ourselves from other -> low similarity and comparison can’t be made

Make the task irrelevant to self-concept -> low relevance and bask in reflected glory (when we feel that we’re similar to someone and they’re doing well, we feel good “my friend is becoming a doctor”)

Social PSYC 308 (9 decks)

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