Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Question 1

Intergroup Bias?

Answer 1

A preference or inclination towards/against a certain group e.g., racism, sexism, ageism, heterosexism, ableism, etc.

Affective (attitudes, negative/positive): Prejudice ->
Cognitive (Belief system): Stereotyping ->
Behavior: Discrimination ->

Question 2

Explicit versus Implicit Bias?

Answer 2

Explicit Bias -> conscious, blatant,
people are willing to admit

Implicit Bias -> unexamined, unconscious, ambiguous or ambivalent (still harmful!)

Question 3

Aversive racism (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2000)? + example Comparing identical resumes of Black and White candidates… ?

Answer 3

Conflicting, often unconscious, negative feelings about a racialized group, despite supporting principles of racial equality and not knowingly discriminating

Comparing identical resumes of Black and White candidates…
- No discrimination against Black candidates when credentials were strong
- But less likely to recommend Black candidates when credentials were “okay”
- Despite lower explicit bias scores! -> more likely to really on implicit bias when the stain is ambiguous

Question 4

Prejudice?

Answer 4

A negative attitude toward an individual solely on the basis of that person’s presumed membership in a particular group

Question 5

Ingroup bias? + minimal group paradigm

Answer 5

Tendency to favour one’s own group, its member, its characteristics, its products, particularly in reference to other groups

Can occur for even trivial differences (i.e., minimal group paradigm) Like the Blue Eye/Brown Eye Exercise

Question 6

Intergroup Threat Theory (Stephan & Stephan, 2000)? (2)

Answer 6

Realistic threats: Perceived threats to existence, political/economic power, physical or material well-being of ingroup

Symbolic threats: Perceived group differences in morals, values, standards, beliefs, and a”itudes (i.e., worldviews)

Note: Intergroup Threat Theory takes inspiration from
Realistic Group Conflict Theory (competition for scarce resources and goals specifically)!

Question 7

People might justify prejudice through…?

Answer 7

Stereotyping:
Overgeneralized beliefs about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group

Question 8

Types of Stereotypes: Positive or negative

Answer 8

Example, Hostile stereotype about women (chatty) or Benevolent sexism (women are warm)

(Asians are smart, hard working, Jewish people have resources)

• Positive does not equal preferable!
  52% of Asian American students felt negatively towards model minority stereotype (You are seen as academically good, not asking for help)
• Asian Americans who endorsed model minority reported more psychological distress and negative attitudes towards help-seeking

Question 9

Types of Stereotypes: Stereotype Content Model (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2003)?

Answer 9

Two dimensions

High competence - Low Competence
High Warmth - Low Warmth

High C, High W = Pride, e.g in-group member
High C, Low W = Envy, e.g. rich people
Low C, High W = Pity, e.g elderly people
Low C, High W = Contempt, e.g homeless people

Question 10

Illusory Correlation and Why?

Answer 10

The perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of

!!!

Bruce the joint occurrence of two distinctive events (minority member - Group B & distinctive event - negative behaviour) probably attracted more attention and caused faulty impressions
Example, Fear of Islamic terrorism in western societies

Question 11

Schema?

Answer 11

Mental structures that help us organize social information that we receive

Question 12

Representativeness heuristic?

Answer 12

Categorizing a particular instance based on how similar the instance is to an existing mental prototype

Question 13

Implicit Association Task? (IAT)

Answer 13

How fast and accurate can you match the target concept with the associated concept?

There are some controversy around the IAT

Question 14

Categorization? + Outgroup homogeneity effect:

Answer 14

Categorize as in- or out-group based on cues and appearance

Big 3 attributes (Fiske et al., 2007):
race, gender, age

Outgroup homogeneity effect:
Tendency to view individuals in outgroups as more like each other than they really are

Question 15

Categorization leads to?… Which leads to..?

Answer 15

Stereotype Activation: Based on cultural learning, can be unconscious and
without intention!

-> Application

Stereotypes influence our perceptions and judgment making (when it’s behavior -> discrimination)

Question 16

System justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994)?

Answer 16

People are motivated to maintain the status quo -> beliefs that the world is a fair place

Negative stereotypes help “explain” and “justify” why some individuals are more advantaged than others

“Women describe to be assaulted because they are dressed provocative”
“Homeless people deserve to be homeless because they are lazy”

Question 17

Outcomes of Stereotyping: Ultimate Attribution Error?

Answer 17

• Believing that bad actions by outgroup members occur because of internal dispositions
• Good actions by outgroup members occur because of situation
• Reverse for ingroup members

Question 18

Emotion and the Ultimate Attribution Error Study?

Answer 18

Participants attributed political ingroup’s… Republican/Democrat

Charitable donations (good behavior) to internal causes

Using money for bribing influential people (bad behavior) to external causes

Question 19

Outcomes of Stereotyping: Perceptual Distortion?

Answer 19

Shooter Bias:
Police thinking they see Black men holding a weapon when its just daily items

One reasoning for disproportionate brutality as implicit, individual error

Bias predicted by knowledge of a cultural stereotype

Question 20

Outcomes of Stereotyping (for member of affected groups)?

Answer 20

Social identity threat:
Feelings that one will be judged and/or treated certain ways due to their group membership

Stereotype threat:
- “a threat in the air”
- Anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype -> descried performance

Question 21

How might members of affected groups counter social identity/stereotype threat?

Answer 21

• Identifying with positive role models
• Reappraising anxiety, and knowing about stereotype threat
• Affirming broader values

Question 22

Break bias with Self Regulation?

Answer 22

The deliberate exertion of control to alter one’s responses (e.g., thoughts, emotions, and actions)

We have…
- A set of standards and a commitment to them (cultural or individual)
- The ability to self-monitor
- The capacity for change

Question 23

Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-braking intervention study?

Answer 23

12-week intervention where people…

• Replaced stereotypes
• Imagined counter-stereotypes
• Individuated
• Practiced perspective taking
• Increased contact

Question 24

Contact Hypothesis: Robbers’ Cave Study? -> Intergroup Contact Theory

Answer 24

Contact hypothesis evolved into intergroup contact theory

Contact is effective under
conditions (not just mere contact):
1. Individuals perceive groups to have equal status
2. Pursue common goals
3. Cooperate to achieve goals
4. Contact supported by authority

Question 25

Intergroup Contact Theory facilitates? + modern example

Answer 25

• Increased knowledge of the outgroup
• Decreased anxiety
• Increased perspective taking
• Which can reduce negative intergroup attitudes!
• Doctors with favorable interactions with Black people -> lower explicit & implicit prejudice

Question 26

Minority Influence?

Answer 26

Social pressure exerted on the majority of a group by a smaller fraction of the group

Majority content with status quo -> change initiated by minority

Question 27

Why Minority Influence?

Answer 27

Conversion theory -> majorities respond to minority dissent by evaluating validity of position

If considered valid, private beliefs and attitudes converted

Particularly with consistent, confident, and strong arguing

Question 27

Add cards about the article

Answer 27

Social psychology recognizes that intergroup bias is embedded in institutions but historically focuses on the individual as the unit of analysis

Question 28

Problems of attribution disciromination to implicit bias?

Answer 28

• Participants held the doctors and police officers less accountable
  for their behavior.
• Participants also thought the perpetrators should be punished less for their discriminatory behavior when it was due to implicit bias.

Takes away responsibility