Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Flashcards
Intergroup Bias?
A preference or inclination towards/against a certain group e.g., racism, sexism, ageism, heterosexism, ableism, etc.
Affective (attitudes, negative/positive): Prejudice ->
Cognitive (Belief system): Stereotyping ->
Behavior: Discrimination ->
Explicit versus Implicit Bias?
Explicit Bias -> conscious, blatant,
people are willing to admit
Implicit Bias -> unexamined, unconscious, ambiguous or ambivalent (still harmful!)
Aversive racism (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2000)? + example Comparing identical resumes of Black and White candidates… ?
Conflicting, often unconscious, negative feelings about a racialized group, despite supporting principles of racial equality and not knowingly discriminating
Comparing identical resumes of Black and White candidates…
- No discrimination against Black candidates when credentials were strong
- But less likely to recommend Black candidates when credentials were “okay”
- Despite lower explicit bias scores! -> more likely to really on implicit bias when the stain is ambiguous
Prejudice?
A negative attitude toward an individual solely on the basis of that person’s presumed membership in a particular group
Ingroup bias? + minimal group paradigm
Tendency to favour one’s own group, its member, its characteristics, its products, particularly in reference to other groups
Can occur for even trivial differences (i.e., minimal group paradigm) Like the Blue Eye/Brown Eye Exercise
Intergroup Threat Theory (Stephan & Stephan, 2000)? (2)
Realistic threats: Perceived threats to existence, political/economic power, physical or material well-being of ingroup
Symbolic threats: Perceived group differences in morals, values, standards, beliefs, and a”itudes (i.e., worldviews)
Note: Intergroup Threat Theory takes inspiration from
Realistic Group Conflict Theory (competition for scarce resources and goals specifically)!
People might justify prejudice through…?
Stereotyping:
Overgeneralized beliefs about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group
Types of Stereotypes: Positive or negative
Example, Hostile stereotype about women (chatty) or Benevolent sexism (women are warm)
(Asians are smart, hard working, Jewish people have resources)
- Positive does not equal preferable!
52% of Asian American students felt negatively towards model minority stereotype (You are seen as academically good, not asking for help) - Asian Americans who endorsed model minority reported more psychological distress and negative attitudes towards help-seeking
Types of Stereotypes: Stereotype Content Model (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2003)?
Two dimensions
High competence - Low Competence
High Warmth - Low Warmth
High C, High W = Pride, e.g in-group member
High C, Low W = Envy, e.g. rich people
Low C, High W = Pity, e.g elderly people
Low C, High W = Contempt, e.g homeless people
Illusory Correlation and Why?
The perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of
!!!
Bruce the joint occurrence of two distinctive events (minority member - Group B & distinctive event - negative behaviour) probably attracted more attention and caused faulty impressions
Example, Fear of Islamic terrorism in western societies
Schema?
Mental structures that help us organize social information that we receive
Representativeness heuristic?
Categorizing a particular instance based on how similar the instance is to an existing mental prototype
Implicit Association Task? (IAT)
How fast and accurate can you match the target concept with the associated concept?
There are some controversy around the IAT
Categorization? + Outgroup homogeneity effect:
Categorize as in- or out-group based on cues and appearance
Big 3 attributes (Fiske et al., 2007):
race, gender, age
Outgroup homogeneity effect:
Tendency to view individuals in outgroups as more like each other than they really are
Categorization leads to?… Which leads to..?
Stereotype Activation: Based on cultural learning, can be unconscious and
without intention!
-> Application
Stereotypes influence our perceptions and judgment making (when it’s behavior -> discrimination)
System justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994)?
People are motivated to maintain the status quo -> beliefs that the world is a fair place
Negative stereotypes help “explain” and “justify” why some individuals are more advantaged than others
“Women describe to be assaulted because they are dressed provocative”
“Homeless people deserve to be homeless because they are lazy”
Outcomes of Stereotyping: Ultimate Attribution Error?
- Believing that bad actions by outgroup members occur because of internal dispositions
- Good actions by outgroup members occur because of situation
- Reverse for ingroup members
Emotion and the Ultimate Attribution Error Study?
Participants attributed political ingroup’s… Republican/Democrat
Charitable donations (good behavior) to internal causes
Using money for bribing influential people (bad behavior) to external causes
Outcomes of Stereotyping: Perceptual Distortion?
Shooter Bias:
Police thinking they see Black men holding a weapon when its just daily items
One reasoning for disproportionate brutality as implicit, individual error
Bias predicted by knowledge of a cultural stereotype
Outcomes of Stereotyping (for member of affected groups)?
Social identity threat:
Feelings that one will be judged and/or treated certain ways due to their group membership
Stereotype threat:
- “a threat in the air”
- Anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype -> descried performance
How might members of affected groups counter social identity/stereotype threat?
- Identifying with positive role models
- Reappraising anxiety, and knowing about stereotype threat
- Affirming broader values
Break bias with Self Regulation?
The deliberate exertion of control to alter one’s responses (e.g., thoughts, emotions, and actions)
We have…
- A set of standards and a commitment to them (cultural or individual)
- The ability to self-monitor
- The capacity for change
Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-braking intervention study?
12-week intervention where people…
- Replaced stereotypes
- Imagined counter-stereotypes
- Individuated
- Practiced perspective taking
- Increased contact
Contact Hypothesis: Robbers’ Cave Study? -> Intergroup Contact Theory
Contact hypothesis evolved into intergroup contact theory
Contact is effective under
conditions (not just mere contact):
1. Individuals perceive groups to have equal status
2. Pursue common goals
3. Cooperate to achieve goals
4. Contact supported by authority
