the self

Question 1

markus and kitayama was a response to

Answer 1

western ethnocentric prevailing theories

Question 2

markus and kitayama independent and interdependent self construals correspond with

Answer 2

individualism and collectivism, at the individual rather than cultural level

Question 3

independent self exists as

Answer 3

a seprate entity

Question 4

independent self consists of

Answer 4

ones inner unique attributes

Question 5

independent self inner attributes consistent or inconsistent across situatuions

Answer 5

consistent

Question 6

needs independent self

Answer 6

show attributes to others, dont be ignored, stand out

Question 7

interdependent self characteristics

Answer 7

inherently connected with others/no clear boundary

Question 8

interdependent self attributes

Answer 8

attributes overlap with others, self adjusted to different social contexts

Question 9

interdependent self wants needs

Answer 9

Strive to fit in and maintain
harmony with the ingroup
Adjusting the self to social
situation
Vigilant of others’ needs and
expectations
Fear of social exclusion

Question 10

self construal theory suggests

Answer 10

Self as a ‘control centre’ of cognition,
motivation, emotion, and behaviour

Question 11

self construal theory what kind of process

Answer 11

bi-directional between culture and self

Question 12

4 criticisms of self construal theory

Answer 12

simplified dichotomies, little empirical support for mediating role of self-construal, self construals may not be unitary constructs, self report bias

Question 13

simplified dichotomies

Answer 13

Independent/interdependent,
individualist/collectivist, East/West
Within-group variation as great as
between-group variation

Question 14

little empirical support for mediating role of self-construal

Answer 14

Matsumoto (1999): None of the studies cited by
Markus and Kitayama in support of their theory
actually tested whether self-construals mediated
(explained) cultural differences in cognition,
emotion, and motivation
Resorting to stereotypes without empirical evidence

Question 15

self-construals may not be unitary constructs

Answer 15

Oyserman et al’s (2002) meta-
analysis found that cultures vary in
different components of collectivism
Collectivism as sense of belonging to
in-groups: Americans higher than
Japanese
Collectivism as duty to in-groups:
Japanese higher
Chinese tend to score higher on
collectivism than both Japanese and
Americans

Question 16

self-report bias

Answer 16

Public self-presentation is
not the same thing as
private self-representation
Socially desirable
responding
Kanagawa et al. (2001)
Japanese participants
displayed more modesty in
presence of a professor than
when alone

Question 17

what reveals contents of the self concept

Answer 17

20 statements test

Question 18

self concept refers to

Answer 18

who we think we are

Question 19

4 contents of the self concept

Answer 19

Abstracted, stable traits and attributes (Independent), Situation-specific traits, attributes (Interdependent), Roles/Membership (Interdependent), Valence: positive vs. negative attributes (Independent vs.
interdependent)

Question 20

singelis proposes about inter/inderpendence

Answer 20

separate concepts, can coexist in one person, one dimension more chronically accessible due to background

Question 21

singelis measurement scale

Answer 21

independent interdependent self construal scale

Question 22

vignoles measurement scale

Answer 22

7 dimension scale, in/inter too simple, many ways of expressing these traits

Question 23

evidence from neuroscience initerdependence

Answer 23

Participants: Chinese and Western university students
Task:judge if the adjectives described Self, Mother, and Other
Results: Chinese participants’ brain activities are similar when thinking about the self and mother (= interdependence) whereas there is little overlap in Westerners’ brain activities for self and mother (= independence)

Question 24

sociogram is

Answer 24

circles with freinds

Question 25

neuroscience evidence sociogram

Answer 25

Chinese participants significant correlation was found
between self-report Independent
-Interdependent self-construal
and the gray matter volume
of vmPFC

Question 26

self consistency is

Answer 26

the extent to which you change when interacting with different people