emotion

Question 1

darwin on emotion

Answer 1

expressions are evolved, provide social information, emotion provide info-can trigger fight or flight

Question 2

evidence for innate emotion

Answer 2

emotional expressions are often reflexive, similar to apes

Question 3

ekman et al new guinea

Answer 3

native emotions similar to westerners

Question 4

ekman and freisman film emotions jap v usa

Answer 4

usa and jap show expressions in private, jap attempt to hide emotion in cinema

Question 5

russel challenge to univerisality studies

Answer 5

sample all literate-not diverse, photos had no context, recognition lower with free choice

Question 6

ekman and freisman universiality study

Answer 6

match faces with 6 emotions, all performed similarly well apart from new guinea

Question 7

easier to distinguish japanese americans from japanese when

Answer 7

they show emotion, emotions have cultural accents

Question 8

masuda et al how does the boy in centre feel

Answer 8

japanese more infuenced by background people, eyes focus on background more

Question 9

egocentric emotional projection is

Answer 9

the emotion felt by the self
become projected onto other. Thus, the other is seen as experiencing the emotion that one actually feels oneself.

Question 10

relational projection is

Answer 10

projects onto another person the emotions that the other
would feel when looking at them

Question 11

cohen and gunz

Answer 11

asians do more relational projection, americans more egocentric

Question 12

james-lange thoery of emotion

Answer 12

Emotions are our physiological responses to stimuli
Responses are products of autonomic nervous system

Question 13

james-lange problems

Answer 13

Not enough variations in physiological
response to distinguish different emotions
No physiological response -> no emotion?

Question 14

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Answer 14

Both physiological signals and cognitive
interpretations are necessary for emotions.
Emotions are our interpretations of physiological
signals.

Question 15

dutton and aron bridge study

Answer 15

An experimenter (female or
male) stopped males who just
crossed the bridge and asked
them to complete a brief
questionnaire.
Afterwards, the experimenter
gave her (his) name and number
and invited each subject to call if
he wanted to talk further.
far more males called with female interviewer on arousing bridge vs control

Question 16

cognitive appraisal theories suggest

Answer 16

How one interprets a situation determines emotion.
Situation -> Interpretation -> Emotion

Question 17

Imada & Ellsworth different cultures situations

Answer 17

Japanese feel ashamed
because they attribute
the failure to the self
Americans feel proud
because they attribute
the success to the self

Question 18

ekman universal emotions

Answer 18

6:
Happiness
* Disgust
* Surprise
* Sadness
* Anger
* Fear

Question 19

kitayama et al 2 types of emotion

Answer 19

socially engaging, socially disengaing

Question 20

socially disengaing emotions

Answer 20

experienced when one’s internal attributes are
confirmed or denied
* e.g., pride, anger
* More likely to be experienced by independent self

Question 21

socially engaging emotions

Answer 21

experienced when socially-contexualized attributes
are confirmed or denied
* e.g., friendly feelings, shame
* More likely to be experienced by interdependent
self

Question 22

who experiences which type of emotion kitayama et al

Answer 22

Japanese experience more
engaging emotions than
disengaging emotions
Americans experience more
disengaging emotions than
engaging emotions

Question 23

tsai et al high arousal vs low arousal emotions

Answer 23

U.S.
Individualism, self-expression, influence goals,
promotion orientation, etc.
 high arousal positive emotions (e.g.,
enthusiastic, excited, elated) are ideal
East Asia
Collectivism, conformity/harmony, adjustment
goals, prevention orientation, etc.
 low arousal positive emotions (e.g., calm,
relaxed, peaceful) are ideal

Question 24

high arousal low arousal examples tsai et al

Answer 24

Asian Americans prefer music with slower tempos
than European Americans.
Western self-help books encourage more high arousal
positive states than do East Asian self-help books, which in
turn emphasize calmness more.
* Christian religious texts encourage more energetic states
than do Buddhist religious texts, which in turn encourage
calm states more.
Chinese magazines contain ads with more calm smiles
and fewer excited smiles than American magazines

Question 25

levy what is hyper/hypocognition of emotion

Answer 25

Hypercognition
 Highly emphasized emotion in a culture because
it resonates with a cultural theme
 Differentiated terms and rich cognitive network
devoted to this emotion
Hypocognition
 Emotion less emphasized in a
culture because corresponding
cultural theme is less accessible
 E.g., no word for anger in Utku Inuit
culture, but concept of anger still exists