emotion Flashcards
darwin on emotion
expressions are evolved, provide social information, emotion provide info-can trigger fight or flight
evidence for innate emotion
emotional expressions are often reflexive, similar to apes
ekman et al new guinea
native emotions similar to westerners
ekman and freisman film emotions jap v usa
usa and jap show expressions in private, jap attempt to hide emotion in cinema
russel challenge to univerisality studies
sample all literate-not diverse, photos had no context, recognition lower with free choice
ekman and freisman universiality study
match faces with 6 emotions, all performed similarly well apart from new guinea
easier to distinguish japanese americans from japanese when
they show emotion, emotions have cultural accents
masuda et al how does the boy in centre feel
japanese more infuenced by background people, eyes focus on background more
egocentric emotional projection is
the emotion felt by the self
become projected onto other. Thus, the other is seen as experiencing the emotion that one actually feels oneself.
relational projection is
projects onto another person the emotions that the other
would feel when looking at them
cohen and gunz
asians do more relational projection, americans more egocentric
james-lange thoery of emotion
Emotions are our physiological responses to stimuli
Responses are products of autonomic nervous system
james-lange problems
Not enough variations in physiological
response to distinguish different emotions
No physiological response -> no emotion?
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Both physiological signals and cognitive
interpretations are necessary for emotions.
Emotions are our interpretations of physiological
signals.
dutton and aron bridge study
An experimenter (female or
male) stopped males who just
crossed the bridge and asked
them to complete a brief
questionnaire.
Afterwards, the experimenter
gave her (his) name and number
and invited each subject to call if
he wanted to talk further.
far more males called with female interviewer on arousing bridge vs control
cognitive appraisal theories suggest
How one interprets a situation determines emotion.
Situation -> Interpretation -> Emotion
Imada & Ellsworth different cultures situations
Japanese feel ashamed
because they attribute
the failure to the self
Americans feel proud
because they attribute
the success to the self
ekman universal emotions
6:
Happiness
* Disgust
* Surprise
* Sadness
* Anger
* Fear
kitayama et al 2 types of emotion
socially engaging, socially disengaing
socially disengaing emotions
experienced when one’s internal attributes are
confirmed or denied
* e.g., pride, anger
* More likely to be experienced by independent self
socially engaging emotions
experienced when socially-contexualized attributes
are confirmed or denied
* e.g., friendly feelings, shame
* More likely to be experienced by interdependent
self
who experiences which type of emotion kitayama et al
Japanese experience more
engaging emotions than
disengaging emotions
Americans experience more
disengaging emotions than
engaging emotions
tsai et al high arousal vs low arousal emotions
U.S.
Individualism, self-expression, influence goals,
promotion orientation, etc.
high arousal positive emotions (e.g.,
enthusiastic, excited, elated) are ideal
East Asia
Collectivism, conformity/harmony, adjustment
goals, prevention orientation, etc.
low arousal positive emotions (e.g., calm,
relaxed, peaceful) are ideal
high arousal low arousal examples tsai et al
Asian Americans prefer music with slower tempos
than European Americans.
Western self-help books encourage more high arousal
positive states than do East Asian self-help books, which in
turn emphasize calmness more.
* Christian religious texts encourage more energetic states
than do Buddhist religious texts, which in turn encourage
calm states more.
Chinese magazines contain ads with more calm smiles
and fewer excited smiles than American magazines
levy what is hyper/hypocognition of emotion
Hypercognition
Highly emphasized emotion in a culture because
it resonates with a cultural theme
Differentiated terms and rich cognitive network
devoted to this emotion
Hypocognition
Emotion less emphasized in a
culture because corresponding
cultural theme is less accessible
E.g., no word for anger in Utku Inuit
culture, but concept of anger still exists
