The Science of Exercise Flashcards
Serves as the control center of the body by integrating mass communication networks consisting of billions of nerve cells called neurons, which are designed to convey information
Nervous system
What are the three main functions of the nervous system?
Sensory (external surroundings), integrative (interpretation of info by brain), and motor functioning (response of stimuli)
What are 4 of the major systems that affect the body during exercise?
Nervous system, skeletal system, muscular system, and cardiorespiratory system
Speeds up the process of communication between nerve cells
Myelin sheath
What is the main component of neurons
Soma or cell body
What are the 3 types of neurons
Interneurons, motor neurons, and sensory neurons
transmits signals from one neuron to another neuron
Interneurons
Sends signals from spinal cord or the brain to other parts of the body
Motor neurons
Sends signals from different areas of the body to the brain or spinal cord
Sensory neurons
What are the 2 major compartments of the nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Includes the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous system
Consists of all nerves in the body
peripheral nervous system
What are the four major sections of the brain
- Cerebrum
- Diencephalons
- Cerebellum
- Brain Stem
The largest part of the brain, which is responsible for 85% of the brain’s total weight. The right and left communicate muscles, organs, thoughts, hearing, and language
Cerebrum
The central part of the brain which includes glands important for release or regulation of hormones
Diencephalons
Located in the back side of the brain which is responsible for the control of balance, posture, and coordination
Cerebellum
The most vital section of the brain. Controls heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
Brain stem
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is divided into which 2 areas?
Voluntary (somatic) and Involuntary system (autonomic-ANS)
Signals skeletal muscles to control voluntary movements
Voluntary system
Controls involuntary processes that occurs inside the body which includes heart rate, digestion and breathing
Involuntary system
What are the two parts of the involuntary system?
Sympathetic ANS and the parasympathetic ANS
Kicks in under stressful conditions (fight or flight)
Sympathetic ANS
Slows down bodily functions and rest conditions
Parasympathetic ANS
Provides form and shape to the body, there giving protection and support, plus allowing bodily movement
Skeletal System
Provides protection for internal organs
Bones
Formed by one bone that articulates with another bone
Joint
What is the best exercise for increasing nutrition to the joints?
Stretching
The forces that help the body perform physical activity are supplied by the
Muscular system
What are the 3 types of muscles?
Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal
found in the walls of the heart that are involuntary
Cardiac muscles
found in epithelial organs that are involuntary
Smooth
Composed of many threadlike striations (myofibril) and is attached to the skeleton
Skeletal muscles
The basic contractile unit of the myofibril
Sarcomere
The thin band of the sarcomere
Actin
The thicker band of the sarcomere
Myosin
What’s needed for every cycle of the sarcomere
Calcium ions
The 3 Muscle Actions
Isometric, concentric, and eccentric
What type of muscle action is the up phase of a bicep curl
Concentric
What type of muscle action is the down phase of a bicep curl?
Eccentric
Wall squats and planks are examples of what type of muscle action?
Isometric
What muscle action is taking place in the tricep in the down phase of a tricep pushdown
Concentric
What causes soreness?
The lactic acid buildup during anaerobic effort
What does DOMS stand for
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness
Happens 24-48 hours after intense exercise. It is not due to lactic acid, but actual soreness within the muscle. The muscle is repairing itself and adapting
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
- Exercises that require endurance and stamina
- Depend largely on far for energy
- Are found in the postural muscle in order to stay contracted for longer periods of time without fatiguing
- High capillary supply
Slow twitch (Type I)
- High glycolytic capacity
- Used up for faster movements; sprints, power lifts, jumps
- Fatigues fast
- Low capillary supply
Fast twitch (Type II)
What do protein filaments make up?
Muscle fibers
Specialized cells which are controlled by the nervous system
Muscle fibers
Offers oxygen, nutrient delivery throughout the body and serves as a mechanisms for removing waste within the body
Cardiovascular system
What are the 7 Main Functions of the Cardiorespiratory System
- Transportation
- Distribution
- Removal of waste
- Regulation of body pH
- Proper function of hormones and enzymes
- Maintenance of fluid volume
- Maintenance of body temperature
Often referred to as the pulmonary system and is made of soft tissues and skeletal structures
Respiratory system
All the structures that air travels through before entering the two respiratory passageways are called
Conduction passageways
A muscular pump that rhythmically contracts to push blood throughout the body
Heart
How many chambers is the heart composed of?
4
2 Atriums and 2 Ventricles
What is the strongest chamber of the heart
Left Ventricle
The actual process of breathing
Ventilation
The capacity to do work
Energy
What are the 3 Energy Systems?
- ATP- Creatine Phosphate system
- Short-term Energy- Lactic acid or Glycolytic system
- Long-term energy- Aerobic or Oxidative system
the storage and transfer unit of energy within the cells of the body
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Can occur in the presence of oxygen but can also occur without oxygen present during respiration
Glycolysis
