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Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q
  • the use of engineering principles like fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, applying them to biological organisms
  • the mechanics of tissues, joints and human movement
  • uses principles of physics and mathematics to define how “living forces interact within a living body”
A

Biomechanics

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2
Q

the science studying the motion of objects and the forces that cause the motion

A

Mechanics

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3
Q

What can biomechanics be used for?

A
  • Correction of skeletal or joint action to improve a skill
  • Identification of new techniques to perform a skill
    -Improvement of the design of sports equipment
  • Development of effective strength training programs
  • Identification of the forces that caused an injury
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4
Q

3 types of Mechanics

A

-Rigid Body Mechanics
-Deformable-body Mechanics
- Fluid Body Mechanics

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5
Q

What are the 2 parts of Rigid Body Mechanics?

A

Statics and Dynamics

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6
Q

the mechanics of objects at rest

A

Statics

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7
Q

objects in accelerated motion

A

Dynamics

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8
Q

the force the object in question is treated as rigid and the forces that act on the object are studied

A

Rigid body mechanics

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9
Q

the force distribution within an object at the lowest levels

A

Deformable-body Mechanics

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10
Q

the forces of fluids on or within the body

A

Fluid Body Mechanics

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11
Q

What type of body mechanics are more applicable to dynamic biological systems

A

Deformable body mechanics and fluid body mechanics

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12
Q

What prevents muscle damage?

A

Warm-ups and cool downs

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13
Q

What are the benefits of warming up?

A
  • Increase in Blood Flow to Active Muscles
  • Increase in Body Temperature
    -Enhances motor skills and brain transmission for continuous activity
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14
Q

What are the benefits of cooling down?

A
  • Delays the onset of muscle soreness
  • Prevents venous pooling
    -Keeps the muscle fibers warm
    -Gets rid of excess adrenaline
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15
Q

What are the two properties of motion?

A

Physical and Geometric (Mathematics)

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16
Q

The internal and external forces involved in movement and activity

A

Physical

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17
Q

Location and orientation

A

Geometrical

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18
Q

The study of human motion. There is no reference to mass, force or other circumstances leading to motion

A

Kinematics

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19
Q

What are the 5 primary variables of kinematics?

A
  • Timing
  • Acceleration
  • Rearrangement
  • Positioning
  • Speed
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20
Q

A measurement of how long a movement lasts

A

Timing

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21
Q

Determines the likelihood of injury occurring during bodily movement

A

Position

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of Rearrangement

A

Linear and Angular

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23
Q

measures the movement from one location to another, typically in a straight line

A

Linear Rearrangement

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24
Q

Involves the rotation of the body

A

Angular rearrangment

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25
Q

the measure of how fast a part of the body is moved (averaged as linear or angular)

A

Speed (Velocity)

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26
Q

Measures how quickly speed has changed

A

Acceleration

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27
Q

measures the change in speed in a straight line

A

Linear acceleration

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28
Q

notes the change in speed in a circular movement

A

Angular acceleration

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29
Q

All body movement involve acceleration. True or False?

A

True

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30
Q

a push or pull on an object, causing it to start, stop, move faster, slower, or change directions in movement

A

Force

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31
Q

Act within the object being studied

A

Internal Forces

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32
Q

the pulling force that acts on an internal structure

A

Tensile force

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33
Q

the pushing forces that press objects together

A

Compressive force

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34
Q

What are the 2 types of internal force

A

Tensile and compressive

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35
Q

When the tensile & compressive force is greater than what the object can withstand, the structure fails and can break. True or False?

A

True

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36
Q

the structures that produce the force in the body that leads to motion

A

Muscles

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37
Q

the influence of the surrounding environment

A

External Force

38
Q

What are the 2 types of external forces?

A

Contact and Non-contact

39
Q

Occurs when objects physically touch each other

A

Contact Forces

40
Q

Magnetic, electrical, gravitational and friction

A

Non-contact Forces

41
Q

the property of an object to resist changes in its motion

A

Inertia

42
Q

the resistance between two surfaces that are in contact with one another

A

Friction

43
Q

When there’s less friction the push object moves….

A

Farther

44
Q

When there’s more friction the pushed object moves…

A

Slower/stops

45
Q

When there’s no friction the pushed object…

A

Continues to move

46
Q

Heaver objects have more _____ than lighter objects based on the mass of the object

A

inertia

47
Q

the amount of matter in an object and corresponds closely to inertia

A

Mass

48
Q

the measure of the force of gravity acting on an object

A

Weight

49
Q

relate regions and specific arrangement of different body parts to the actual position of the body

A

Anatomical locations

50
Q

towards the center or mid-line

A

proximal

51
Q

away from the center or mid-line

A

Distal

52
Q

front of the body

A

Anterior

53
Q

back of the body

A

Posterior

54
Q

middle

A

medial

55
Q

side

A

lateral

56
Q

laterally extending your arm along with a leg of the opposite side (such as your right arm and your left leg)

A

Contralateral action

57
Q

laterally extending an arm and a leg of the side (such as your right arm and your right leg)

A

Ipsilateral Action

58
Q

upper

A

superior

59
Q

lower

A

inferior

60
Q

What are the 3 planes of motion?

A

Frontal, sagittal, and transverse

61
Q

separates a client’s body into a right side and a left side

A

Sagittal plane

62
Q

the decreasing of an angle between two moving segments of the body (the bending of)

A

Flexion

63
Q

the increasing angle between two moving segments of the body (the straightening of)

A

Extension

64
Q

flexing a body part too hard or beyond its normal extension

A

Hyperflexion

65
Q

extending the body part beyond its normal range

A

Hyperextension

66
Q

Most gym member are accustomed to training predominantly in what plane of motion?

A

Sagittal

67
Q

involves movements from the front and back of the body

A

Frontal plane

68
Q

a sideways movement of the limb away from the body

A

Abduction

69
Q

the movement that returns the limb to its original position

A

Adduction

70
Q

separates the body into an upper and lower half. This plane is considered rotational motion

A

Transverse plane

71
Q

a measure of the body’s flexibility by observing the number of degrees the body can move through a set of neutral positions

A

Range of Motion

72
Q

a motion of the body that moves all points on straight lines over an identical distance

A

Linear Movement

73
Q

What are the fundamental movements at the pivot point?

A

Roll, slide, and spin

74
Q

the point that the joints rotate around

A

pivot point

75
Q

The majority of the body’s movements are due to motions at the _____ _____

A

pivot point

76
Q

whole object moves to new position

A

Rearrangement

77
Q

object remains in the same place and just moves around a fixed axis

A

Rotation

78
Q

As the body moves, rearrangement and rotation are often ______

A

combined

79
Q

a downward motion

A

pronation

80
Q

an upward motion

A

supination

81
Q

the activation of muscles by the nervous system, contributing to overall movement and stabilization

A

Muscle actions

82
Q

3 muscle actions

A

Isometric, concentric, and eccentric

83
Q

occurs if the measurement of the force acting on the muscle is exactly equal to the force the muscle’s resistance (same length)

A

Isometric

84
Q

occurs when the force placed on the muscle group is larger than the muscle’s resistance

A

Concentric

85
Q

the force placed on the muscle group is less than the muscle’s resistance

A

Eccentric

86
Q

Most people focus heavily on the _______ muscle action and neglect others

A

Concentric

87
Q

the ability to regulate and direct movement

A

motor control

88
Q

the sequential activation of muscle groups, is one of the most important concepts of motor control

A

Muscle synergy

89
Q

a movement in the joints caused by a sequential action of the muscles responsible for the movement

A

Force couple

90
Q

being able to sense the location and position of parts of the body in relation to each other and the body as a whole

A

Proprioception

91
Q

What are the 2 major categories of proprioceptors?

A

Muscle cells and tendon cells

92
Q

3 main groups of proprioceptors

A
  • Ligament, joint and skin
  • Neck and inner ear
  • muscles

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