Biomechanics Flashcards
- the use of engineering principles like fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, applying them to biological organisms
- the mechanics of tissues, joints and human movement
- uses principles of physics and mathematics to define how “living forces interact within a living body”
Biomechanics
the science studying the motion of objects and the forces that cause the motion
Mechanics
What can biomechanics be used for?
- Correction of skeletal or joint action to improve a skill
- Identification of new techniques to perform a skill
-Improvement of the design of sports equipment - Development of effective strength training programs
- Identification of the forces that caused an injury
3 types of Mechanics
-Rigid Body Mechanics
-Deformable-body Mechanics
- Fluid Body Mechanics
What are the 2 parts of Rigid Body Mechanics?
Statics and Dynamics
the mechanics of objects at rest
Statics
objects in accelerated motion
Dynamics
the force the object in question is treated as rigid and the forces that act on the object are studied
Rigid body mechanics
the force distribution within an object at the lowest levels
Deformable-body Mechanics
the forces of fluids on or within the body
Fluid Body Mechanics
What type of body mechanics are more applicable to dynamic biological systems
Deformable body mechanics and fluid body mechanics
What prevents muscle damage?
Warm-ups and cool downs
What are the benefits of warming up?
- Increase in Blood Flow to Active Muscles
- Increase in Body Temperature
-Enhances motor skills and brain transmission for continuous activity
What are the benefits of cooling down?
- Delays the onset of muscle soreness
- Prevents venous pooling
-Keeps the muscle fibers warm
-Gets rid of excess adrenaline
What are the two properties of motion?
Physical and Geometric (Mathematics)
The internal and external forces involved in movement and activity
Physical
Location and orientation
Geometrical
The study of human motion. There is no reference to mass, force or other circumstances leading to motion
Kinematics
What are the 5 primary variables of kinematics?
- Timing
- Acceleration
- Rearrangement
- Positioning
- Speed
A measurement of how long a movement lasts
Timing
Determines the likelihood of injury occurring during bodily movement
Position
What are the 2 types of Rearrangement
Linear and Angular
measures the movement from one location to another, typically in a straight line
Linear Rearrangement
Involves the rotation of the body
Angular rearrangment
the measure of how fast a part of the body is moved (averaged as linear or angular)
Speed (Velocity)
Measures how quickly speed has changed
Acceleration
measures the change in speed in a straight line
Linear acceleration
notes the change in speed in a circular movement
Angular acceleration
All body movement involve acceleration. True or False?
True
a push or pull on an object, causing it to start, stop, move faster, slower, or change directions in movement
Force
Act within the object being studied
Internal Forces
the pulling force that acts on an internal structure
Tensile force
the pushing forces that press objects together
Compressive force
What are the 2 types of internal force
Tensile and compressive
When the tensile & compressive force is greater than what the object can withstand, the structure fails and can break. True or False?
True
the structures that produce the force in the body that leads to motion
Muscles
the influence of the surrounding environment
External Force
What are the 2 types of external forces?
Contact and Non-contact
Occurs when objects physically touch each other
Contact Forces
Magnetic, electrical, gravitational and friction
Non-contact Forces
the property of an object to resist changes in its motion
Inertia
the resistance between two surfaces that are in contact with one another
Friction
When there’s less friction the push object moves….
Farther
When there’s more friction the pushed object moves…
Slower/stops
When there’s no friction the pushed object…
Continues to move
Heaver objects have more _____ than lighter objects based on the mass of the object
inertia
the amount of matter in an object and corresponds closely to inertia
Mass
the measure of the force of gravity acting on an object
Weight
relate regions and specific arrangement of different body parts to the actual position of the body
Anatomical locations
towards the center or mid-line
proximal
away from the center or mid-line
Distal
front of the body
Anterior
back of the body
Posterior
middle
medial
side
lateral
laterally extending your arm along with a leg of the opposite side (such as your right arm and your left leg)
Contralateral action
laterally extending an arm and a leg of the side (such as your right arm and your right leg)
Ipsilateral Action
upper
superior
lower
inferior
What are the 3 planes of motion?
Frontal, sagittal, and transverse
separates a client’s body into a right side and a left side
Sagittal plane
the decreasing of an angle between two moving segments of the body (the bending of)
Flexion
the increasing angle between two moving segments of the body (the straightening of)
Extension
flexing a body part too hard or beyond its normal extension
Hyperflexion
extending the body part beyond its normal range
Hyperextension
Most gym member are accustomed to training predominantly in what plane of motion?
Sagittal
involves movements from the front and back of the body
Frontal plane
a sideways movement of the limb away from the body
Abduction
the movement that returns the limb to its original position
Adduction
separates the body into an upper and lower half. This plane is considered rotational motion
Transverse plane
a measure of the body’s flexibility by observing the number of degrees the body can move through a set of neutral positions
Range of Motion
a motion of the body that moves all points on straight lines over an identical distance
Linear Movement
What are the fundamental movements at the pivot point?
Roll, slide, and spin
the point that the joints rotate around
pivot point
The majority of the body’s movements are due to motions at the _____ _____
pivot point
whole object moves to new position
Rearrangement
object remains in the same place and just moves around a fixed axis
Rotation
As the body moves, rearrangement and rotation are often ______
combined
a downward motion
pronation
an upward motion
supination
the activation of muscles by the nervous system, contributing to overall movement and stabilization
Muscle actions
3 muscle actions
Isometric, concentric, and eccentric
occurs if the measurement of the force acting on the muscle is exactly equal to the force the muscle’s resistance (same length)
Isometric
occurs when the force placed on the muscle group is larger than the muscle’s resistance
Concentric
the force placed on the muscle group is less than the muscle’s resistance
Eccentric
Most people focus heavily on the _______ muscle action and neglect others
Concentric
the ability to regulate and direct movement
motor control
the sequential activation of muscle groups, is one of the most important concepts of motor control
Muscle synergy
a movement in the joints caused by a sequential action of the muscles responsible for the movement
Force couple
being able to sense the location and position of parts of the body in relation to each other and the body as a whole
Proprioception
What are the 2 major categories of proprioceptors?
Muscle cells and tendon cells
3 main groups of proprioceptors
- Ligament, joint and skin
- Neck and inner ear
- muscles
