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CogSci > The Science of Cognition > Flashcards

The Science of Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Action potential

A

A sudden change in electric potential that travels down the axon of a neuron.

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2
Q

Amygdala

A

A brain structure that is involved in emotional response.

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3
Q

Aphasia

A

An impairment of speech that results from a brain injury.

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4
Q

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

A

A field of computer science that attempts to develop programs that will enable machines to display intelligent behaviour.

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5
Q

Axon

A

A long tube extending from the soma of a neuron and branching into terminal boutons that form synapses with dendrites of other neurons; axons provide the fixed paths by which neurons communicate with one another.

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6
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Subcortical structures that play a critical role in the control of motor movement and complex cognition.

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7
Q

Behaviorism

A

The theory that prescribes how to combine the prior probability of a hypothesis with the conditional probability of the evidence, given the hypothesis, to assess the posterior probability of the hypothesis, given the evidence.

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8
Q

Blood oxygen level dependent respone (BOLD response)

A

In fMRI studies, a measure of the amount of oxygen in the blood.

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9
Q

Broca’s area

A

A region in the left frontal cortex that is important for processing language, particularly the syntax (grammar) of speech.

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10
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outer layer of the brain, consisting mainly of the neocortex but also other, more primitive structures.

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11
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The study of the neural basis of cognition.

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12
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

The science of how the mind is organized to produce intelligent thought and how the mind is realized in the brain.

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13
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A

Beginning in the 1950s, a broad movement in psychology away from behaviorism and toward the scientific study of cognition.

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14
Q

Cognitive Science

A

A field that attempts to integrate research efforts from psychology, philosophy, linguistics, neuroscience, and AI.

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15
Q

Connectionist Models

A

Computer models that stimulate cognition by including neuronlike elements that have different levels of activity and that interact through connections with properties like those of synapses.

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16
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A broad band of fibers that connects and enables communication between the left and the right hemispheres.

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17
Q

Deep Learning

A

In connectionist models, learning connections in networks that have many layers of connecting neuronlike elements.

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18
Q

Dendrites

A

Short branches attached to the soma of a neuron that form synapses with the terminal boutons of axons of other neurons.

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19
Q

Dualism

A

A philosophical position that posits that the mind and the body are separate kinds of entities.

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20
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Measurement of electrical activity of the brain, using electrodes on the scalp.

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21
Q

Empiricism

A

The philosophical position that posits that all knowledge comes from experience in the world. Contrast with nativism.

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22
Q

Event-related potentials (ERP’s)

A

Changes in electrical activity at the scalp in response to an external event, as measured by EEG.

23
Q

Excitatory Synapses

A

A synapse in which the neurotransmitters released by the terminal bouton of the axon decrease the potential difference across the membrane of the dendrite of the receiving neuron.

24
Q

Frontal lobe

A

The region at the front of the brain that includes the motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex.

25
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

A method for determining the location of neural activity by measuring the magnetic field produced by the iron in oxygenated blood in the brain.

26
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

An approach to psychology that emphasizes principles of organization that result in holistic properties of the brain that go beyond the activity of the parts.

27
Q

Gyrus

A

An outward bulge of the cerebral cortex. Contrast with sulcus.

28
Q

Hemodynamic response

A

The increased flow of oxygenated blood to a region of the brain that has greater activity - the basis of fMRI.

29
Q

Hippocampus

A

A brain structure that is part of the limbic system and that plays a role in the formation of permanent memories.

30
Q

Information-processing approach

A

An analysis of human cognition into a set of steps for processing an abstract entiy called “information”.

31
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

A synapse in which the neurotransmitters released by the terminal bouton of the axon increase the potential difference across the membrane of the dendrite of the receiving neuron.

31
Q

Intelligence

A

The ability to recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and use language.

32
Q

Introspection

A

A methodology much practiced at the turn of the 20th century in Germany that attempted to analyze thought into its components through self-analysis.

33
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Measurement of magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain.

34
Q

Linguistics

A

The study of the structure of language.

35
Q

Nativism

A

The position that posits that children come into the world with a great deal of innate knowledge. Contrast with empiricism.

36
Q

Neocortex

A

Part of the cerebral cortex, and the most recently evolved portion of the brain; in humans, a highly convoluted neural sheet.

37
Q

Neuron

A

A cell in the nervous system responsible for information processing through electrochemical activity.

38
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A chemical that crosses the synapse from the axon of one neuron and alters the electric potential of the membrane of another neuron.

39
Q

Occipital lobe

A

The region of the back of the brain that controls vision.

40
Q

Parietal lobe

A

The region at the top of the brain concerned with attention and higher-level perceptual functions.

41
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

A method for determining the location of neural activity by measuring metabolic activity in different regions of the brain with the use of a radioactive tracer.

42
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

The region at the front of the frontal cortex that controls planning and other high-level cognitive processes.

43
Q

P-value

A

The probability that the result of an experiment would be obtained by chance.

44
Q

Rate of firing

A

The number of action potentials an axon transmits per second.

44
Q

Replicability crisis

A

In psychology and other fields, finding that experimental results with p-values below .05 are not replicated when the experiments are repeated.

45
Q

Split-brain patients

A

Patients who have had surgery to sever the corpus callosum, which connects the left and right hemispheres.

46
Q

Sternberg paradigm

A

An experimental procedure in which participants are first presented with a memory set consisting of a few items and then must decide whether various probe items are in the memory set.

47
Q

Sulcus

A

An inward crease between gyri of the cerebral cortex. Contrast with gyrus.

48
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between a terminal bouton of the axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron.

49
Q

Temporal lobe

A

The region at the side of the brain that contains the primar auditory areas and controls the recognition of objects.

50
Q

Topographic organization

A

A principle of neural organization in which adjacent areas of the cortex process information from adjacent parts of the sensory field.

51
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

A region of the teft temporal lobe that is important for processing language, particularly the semantics (meaning) of speech.

CogSci (14 decks)

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