Perception Flashcards
2 1/2-D sketch
As propsed by David Marr, a visual representation that identifies where various visual features are located in space relative to the viewer.
3-D model
As proposed by David Marr, a representation of objects in a visual scene.
Apperceptive agnosia
A form of visual agnosia marked by the inability to recognize simple shapes such as circles and triangles.
Bar detectors
Cells in the visual cortex taht respond most to bars in the visual field. Contrast to edge detectors.
Associative agnosia
A form of visual agnosia marked by the inability to recognize complex objects, but with retention of the ability to recognize simple shapes and to copy drawings of complex objects.
Bottom-up processing
Pereptual processing of a physical stimulus in which information from the stimulus, rather than from the general context, is used to help recognize the stimulus. Contrast with top-down processing.
Change blindness
the inability to detect a change in a scene when the change matches the context.
Categorical perception
The perception of stimuli as belonging in distinct categories without gradual variations.
Cones
Photoreceptor cells involved in colour vision and high-acuity vision.
Deep convolutional networks
Computerized systems typically applied to object recognition tasks (including face recognition), based on layers of successively more complex pattern recognizers.
Consonantal feature
A consonant-like quality in a phoneem.
Edge detectors
Cells in the visual cortex that respond most to edges in the visual field. Contrast with bar detectors.
Feature analysis
A theory of pattern recognition that claims that we extract primitive features and then recognize their combinations.
Feature map
A representation of the spatial locations of a particular visual feature.
FLMP (fuzzy logical model of perception)
Massaro’s theory of perception, which proposes that information provided by the stimulus and information provided by the context combine to determine perception.
Fusiform gyrus
A region in the temporal cortex involved in recognition of complex patterns such as faces and words.
Fovea
The area of the retina with the greatest concentration of cones and therefore the greatest visual acuity. When we focus on an object, we move our eyes so that the image of the object falls on the fovea.
Gestalt principles of organization
Principles that determine how a scene is organized into components; the principles include proximity, similarity, good continuation, closure, and good form.
Phonemes
The minimal units of speech that can result in a difference in a spoken message.
Phoneme-restoration effect
The tendency to hear phonemes that make sense in the speech context even if no such phonemes were spoken.
Primal sketch
In Marr’s model, the level of visual processing in which the visual features have been extracted from a stimulus.
Primary visual cortex
The first cortical area to receive visual input, organized according to a topographic representation of the visual field.
Place of articulation
The place at which the vocal tract is closed or constricted in the production of a phoneme.
Prosopagnosia
A neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces.
Receptive field
In vision, the region of the retina from which a cell in the visual system encodes information.
Rods
Photoreceptor cells that are principally responsible for the less acute, black-and-white vision we experience at night.
Retina
The innermost layer of cells within the eye; it includes the photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells.
Template matching
A theory of pattern recognition stating that an object is recognized as a function of its overlap with various pattern templates stored in the brain.
Visual agnosia
An inability to recognize visual objects that results from damage to certain brain regions.
Voicing
A feature of a phoneme produced by vibration of the vocal cords.
Top-down processing
Perceptual processing of a stimulus in which information from the general context is used to help recognize the stimulus. Contrast with bottom-up processing.
“What” visual pathway
A neural pathway carrying visual information from the primary visual cortex to regions of the temporal lobe that are specialized for identifying objects.
Word superiority effect
The superior recognition of letters when the letters are presented in a word context than when they are presented alone.
“Where” visual pathway
A neural pathway carrying visual information from the primary visual cortex to regions of the parietal lobe that are specialized for representing spatial information and for coordinating vision with action.
