Perception

Question 1

2 1/2-D sketch

Answer 1

As propsed by David Marr, a visual representation that identifies where various visual features are located in space relative to the viewer.

Question 2

3-D model

Answer 2

As proposed by David Marr, a representation of objects in a visual scene.

Question 2

Apperceptive agnosia

Answer 2

A form of visual agnosia marked by the inability to recognize simple shapes such as circles and triangles.

Question 3

Bar detectors

Answer 3

Cells in the visual cortex taht respond most to bars in the visual field. Contrast to edge detectors.

Question 3

Associative agnosia

Answer 3

A form of visual agnosia marked by the inability to recognize complex objects, but with retention of the ability to recognize simple shapes and to copy drawings of complex objects.

Question 4

Bottom-up processing

Answer 4

Pereptual processing of a physical stimulus in which information from the stimulus, rather than from the general context, is used to help recognize the stimulus. Contrast with top-down processing.

Question 5

Change blindness

Answer 5

the inability to detect a change in a scene when the change matches the context.

Question 5

Categorical perception

Answer 5

The perception of stimuli as belonging in distinct categories without gradual variations.

Question 6

Cones

Answer 6

Photoreceptor cells involved in colour vision and high-acuity vision.

Question 7

Deep convolutional networks

Answer 7

Computerized systems typically applied to object recognition tasks (including face recognition), based on layers of successively more complex pattern recognizers.

Question 7

Consonantal feature

Answer 7

A consonant-like quality in a phoneem.

Question 8

Edge detectors

Answer 8

Cells in the visual cortex that respond most to edges in the visual field. Contrast with bar detectors.

Question 9

Feature analysis

Answer 9

A theory of pattern recognition that claims that we extract primitive features and then recognize their combinations.

Question 9

Feature map

Answer 9

A representation of the spatial locations of a particular visual feature.

Question 10

FLMP (fuzzy logical model of perception)

Answer 10

Massaro’s theory of perception, which proposes that information provided by the stimulus and information provided by the context combine to determine perception.

Question 11

Fusiform gyrus

Answer 11

A region in the temporal cortex involved in recognition of complex patterns such as faces and words.

Question 11

Fovea

Answer 11

The area of the retina with the greatest concentration of cones and therefore the greatest visual acuity. When we focus on an object, we move our eyes so that the image of the object falls on the fovea.

Question 12

Gestalt principles of organization

Answer 12

Principles that determine how a scene is organized into components; the principles include proximity, similarity, good continuation, closure, and good form.

Question 12

Phonemes

Answer 12

The minimal units of speech that can result in a difference in a spoken message.

Question 12

Phoneme-restoration effect

Answer 12

The tendency to hear phonemes that make sense in the speech context even if no such phonemes were spoken.

Question 13

Primal sketch

Answer 13

In Marr’s model, the level of visual processing in which the visual features have been extracted from a stimulus.

Question 13

Primary visual cortex

Answer 13

The first cortical area to receive visual input, organized according to a topographic representation of the visual field.

Question 13

Place of articulation

Answer 13

The place at which the vocal tract is closed or constricted in the production of a phoneme.

Question 14

Prosopagnosia

Answer 14

A neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces.

Question 15

Receptive field

Answer 15

In vision, the region of the retina from which a cell in the visual system encodes information.

Question 16

Rods

Answer 16

Photoreceptor cells that are principally responsible for the less acute, black-and-white vision we experience at night.

Question 16

Retina

Answer 16

The innermost layer of cells within the eye; it includes the photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells.

Question 17

Template matching

Answer 17

A theory of pattern recognition stating that an object is recognized as a function of its overlap with various pattern templates stored in the brain.

Question 17

Visual agnosia

Answer 17

An inability to recognize visual objects that results from damage to certain brain regions.

Question 18

Voicing

Answer 18

A feature of a phoneme produced by vibration of the vocal cords.

Question 19

Top-down processing

Answer 19

Perceptual processing of a stimulus in which information from the general context is used to help recognize the stimulus. Contrast with bottom-up processing.

Question 19

“What” visual pathway

Answer 19

A neural pathway carrying visual information from the primary visual cortex to regions of the temporal lobe that are specialized for identifying objects.

Question 19

Word superiority effect

Answer 19

The superior recognition of letters when the letters are presented in a word context than when they are presented alone.

Question 19

“Where” visual pathway

Answer 19

A neural pathway carrying visual information from the primary visual cortex to regions of the parietal lobe that are specialized for representing spatial information and for coordinating vision with action.