The roots of psychoanalysis

Question 1

In the 18th century what did people think of the mentally ill?

Answer 1

Reflects possession by evil spirits
Put on a show for the amusement of the public
Permanently in chains
Blood letting, malnutrition and ‘shock treatments’ common practice

Question 2

What did Jonathan Joseph Gassner do?

Answer 2

Cured many illnesses through exorcism. Ensures the patient believes in the powers of Christ. Commands demons responsible for illness to leave the patient’s body.

Question 3

What did Franz Anton Mesmer do?

Answer 3

He argued it was due to magnetic forces in his own body.

Question 4

What did Philippe Pinel do?

Answer 4

One of the first to advocate the humane treatment of the mentally ill

Question 5

What diseases was Jean-Martin Charcot responsible for identifying?

Answer 5

Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
Lou Gehrig’s disease

Question 6

What was Charcot interested in?

Answer 6

Hysteria

Question 7

What is hysteria?

Answer 7

Describes conditions characterised by physical symptoms that appear not to have a physical cause.

Question 8

What was hysteria replaced with in 1980?

Answer 8

Somatoform and dissociative disorders

Question 9

What did Charcot find out about why people had hysteria?

Answer 9

Patients with hysteria had traumatic experiences and speculated that memories of these might become dislodged from consciousness and ultimately manifest physically.
He began to experience with hypnosis

Question 10

What did Joseph Breuer develop in 1880s?

Answer 10

The ‘talking cure’ (cathartic method) at the university of Vienna

Question 11

What was the case of Anna O?

Answer 11

A 21 year old woman with various symptoms of hysteria. Through hypnosis Breuer searched for the memories of the first time the symptoms manifested (after the death of her father). Once the memory was bought to consciousness the symptoms disappeared.

Question 12

Who created ‘Studies on Hysteria’?

Answer 12

Breuer and Feud (1895)

Question 13

What did Breuer and Feud say in their book?

Answer 13

Painful memories of a traumatic event do not fade with time.
Traumatic memories remain unconscious by means of repression. The emotions cannot be repressed but can be displaced and thus manifest as symptoms.
Through therapy they bring the memory back so that it can be dealt with consciously.

Question 14

What did the Topographical Theory of the Mind consist of?

Answer 14

Conscious
Pre-conscious
Unconscious
(1900)

Question 15

What did the Structural Theory of the Mind consist of?

Answer 15

Superego
Ego
ID
(1920-1923)

Question 16

What does the ID mean in Feud’s personality theory?

Answer 16

Pleasure principle
It seeks immediate gratification for basic needs
It operates entirely at an unconscious level

Question 17

What does the Ego mean in Feud’s personality theory?

Answer 17

Our ‘self’
Reality principle
Seeks to coordinate the needs of ‘id’ with objects of satisfaction in reality.
The ‘id’ and ‘ego’ alone result in fairly primitive and animalistic behaviour.

Question 18

What does the Superego mean in Feud’s personality theory?

Answer 18

Moral part of our personality that tells the ‘ego’ right from wrong.
The conscience gives rise to feelings of guilt for thoughts/activities that have been associated with ‘punishments’
The ego-ideal gives rise to positive feelings for thoughts/activities that have been associated with ‘praise’

Question 19

What 3 sources of anxiety that the Ego has to deal with did Feud identify?

Answer 19

Objective anxiety (real threats from the environment)
Neurotic anxiety (the ‘id’ threatens to overwhelm the ‘ego’)
Moral anxiety (the threat of violating the principles of the ‘superego’)

Question 20

Who developed the Psychosexual theory?

Answer 20

Feud

Question 21

What did the Oral stage (1st) consist of?

Answer 21

(first year of life)
Pleasure comes through the lips/mouth

Question 22

What did the Anal stage (2nd) consist of?

Answer 22

(second year of life)
Pleasure comes through learning to control bowel movements.

Question 23

What did the Phallic stage (3rd) consist of?

Answer 23

(years 3-5)
Pleasure comes through the genital region

Question 24

What did the latency stage (4th) consist of?

Answer 24

(6 years to puberty)
Sexual feelings are repressed and substituted with other activities.

Question 25

What was the last stage in the psychosexual theory?

Answer 25

The genital stage (remainder of adult life)