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PS1004 > The mind-body problem, Dualism vs. Monism > Flashcards

The mind-body problem, Dualism vs. Monism Flashcards

1
Q

What is philosophy?

A

The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge and reality.

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2
Q

What is epistemology?

A

Theories about the nature of knowledge

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3
Q

What is doctrine?

A

A set of beliefs about a certain issue/topic

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4
Q

What is Plato’s Epistemology?

A

Platonic epistemology holds that knowledge of Platonic Ideas is innate, so that learning is the development of ideas buried deep in the soul, often under the midwife-like guidance of an interrogator.
Forms/ideas (the real truth) vs. Particulars (we can perceive)

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5
Q

What does forms/ideas (the real truth) consist of?

A

Object of knowledge, conceived, perfect/certain, beyond change and non-physical.

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6
Q

What does particulars (we can perceive) consist of?

A

Object of opinion, perceived, imperfect/uncertain, always changing and physical.

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7
Q

What doctrine of recollection did Plato’s epistemology have?

A

“We must at some previous time have learned what we now recollect. This is possible if our soul existed somewhere before it took on this human shape.”

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8
Q

What did Aristotle believe?

A

‘Essences’ as the defining characteristics of forms. (The way that we define characteristics are their ‘essences’.)
Distinction between different kinds of soul (mind) in terms of their essences. (Distinction between sensation and thought). Unlike Plato he did not draw a sharp distinction between mind and body.

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9
Q

What did Aristotle say on memory?

A

Memory is the ability to hold perceived events in mind as a mental picture (phantasm) that can be distinguished from the actual occurrence in the past. He thought that impressions are stored in a semi fluid bodily organ that can change.

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10
Q

What did Rene Descartes believe about the essence of mind and material?

A

The essence of the mind is thinking and the essence of the material world is extension.

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11
Q

What is thinking perceived as?

A

Known directly, free, indivisible and indestructible

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12
Q

What is extension perceived as?

A

Known indirectly, determined, divisible and destructible

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13
Q

What is the Renaissance period?

A

The Renaissance period lasted from 14th to 17th century. It cultivated a new change in art, knowledge, and culture. It changed the way the citizens thought, with first the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art, as well as the new discoveries in travel, invention, and style.

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14
Q

What religion changes did the renaissance period bring?

A

Roman inquisition: Policing and censorship thought. Some philosophers/scientists sentenced to death.
Increasing criticism of the Catholic Church from within its own ranks.

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15
Q

What science changes did the renaissance period bring?

A

Empericism (truth through observation) vs. Rationalism (truth through reasoning).
Emphasis on deduction (Law/Principal to Particular event) and induction (Particular events to Law/Principal).

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16
Q

An example of deduction

A

All dogs have 4 legs (law/principal). Brutus is a dog (particular event). Therefore, Brutus has 4 legs (particular event).

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17
Q

An example of induction

A

To date I have only seen swans that are white (particular events). Therefore, I propose that all swans are white (law/principle).

18
Q

What anatomy changes did the renaissance period bring?

A

Vesalius (1514-1546)- detailed description of human anatomy.
William Harvey (1578-1657)- accurate description of the function of the heart.

19
Q

What engineering changes did the renaissance period bring?

A

Hydraulics
Beginnings of steam engine
Development of microscope

20
Q

What did Rene Descartes conclude?

A

Doubting implies a doubter and hence Descartes concluded “I think, therefore I am”

21
Q

What are the properties of the mind?

A

Known directly, free, indivisible and indestructible

22
Q

What are the properties of material?

A

Known indirectly, determined, divisible, and destructible

23
Q

What is an essence?

A

The intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something, especially something abstract, which determines its character.

24
Q

What is the essence of mind?

A

Consciousness

25
Q

What is the essence of physical things (material)?

A

Extension

26
Q

What is dualism?

A

Physical body and mind are two separate things
DUO(dualism) = two separate things

27
Q

What is monism?

A

Physical body and mind are one kind of ultimate substance.
MON(monism) = one substance

28
Q

What were some of the questions that rose for dualism?

A

What is the relationship between the physical and mental?
How can anything mental cause anything physical?
How can anything physical cause anything mental?

29
Q

When was the ‘concept of mind’ created and by who?

A

Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976) in 1949

30
Q

What did Gilbert Ryle say in ‘the concept of mind’?

A

“I hope to prove that it [Cartesian Dualism] is entirely false, and false not in detail but in principle….It is, namely, a category mistake.”

31
Q

What is a category mistake?

A

Logical mistakes based on the inappropriate application or comparison of linguistically distinct concepts or categories.

32
Q

What is the ‘binding problem’?

A

Concerns how items that are encoded by distinct brain circuits can be combined for perception, decision, and action.
For example, when humans view a scene containing a red circle and a green square, some neurons signal the presence of red, others signal the presence of green, still others the circle shape and square shape.

33
Q

What is dorsal visual stream?

A

Location, movement

34
Q

What is ventral visual stream?

A

Pattern, colour

35
Q

What is subjective experience?

A

A product of the individual’s mind.
It cannot be objectively measured by others.
For example, we are all having a subjective experience whenever we are experiencing pain.

36
Q

What are the different forms of monism?

A

Idealism, behaviourism, materialism/physicalism

37
Q

What is idealism?

A

It maintains that the entire universe is made up of ‘ideas’ (most controversial).

38
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

A movement in Philosophy that maintained that behaviour can be explained by logical ‘if – then’ connections between the environment and behaviour.
What we think of as ‘mental’ is really just the behaviour of the body. For example, if my blood sugar drops then I eat.

39
Q

What is methodological behaviourism?

A

A movement in psychology that attempted to render the discipline more scientific by emphasising the objectively observable.
(Mental states were not necessarily denied but considered to be irrelevant)

40
Q

What is materialism?

A

It maintains that everything is made up of matter.
Mental states/experiences must be reducible to physical events in the brain.
The mind simply is the brain and what we think of as mental states are simply brain states – the two are identical (hence also ‘identity theory’).

PS1004 (9 decks)

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