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PS1004 > Behaviourism > Flashcards

Behaviourism Flashcards

1
Q

What year did Wundt establish psychology as an experimental science?

A

19th century

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2
Q

What are the different types of behaviourism?

A

Logical behaviourism
Methodological/psychological behaviourism

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3
Q

What is logical behaviourism?

A

A movement in philosophy that considered mental states as nothing more than behavioural tendencies that are motivated by the environment.
For example, if it rains, I have the behavioural tendency to seek shelter to remain dry, there is no need to infer that I want to stay dry.

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4
Q

What is methodological/psychological behaviourism?

A

A movement in psychology that seeks to explain human and animal behaviour in terms of environment stimuli and learning histories.

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5
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Response psychology

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6
Q

What were J.B. Watson’s behaviourist principles?

A

Reflex is the basic unit of analysis (all behaviour consists of reflexes)
No distinction between animal/human behaviour
All learning is by classical conditioning
Complex behaviours based on simpler ones
Complete explanations are possible

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7
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov come up with?

A

He noticed that stimuli associated with food could excite the digestive system.

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8
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

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9
Q

What was Pavolv’s experiment?

A

Dogs normally salivate if they are presented with food. Where food is unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and salivation is an unconditioned response (UCR).
If presentation of food is repeatedly preceded by a tone salivation will eventually occur even to the tone itself. Where the tine is conditioned stimulus (CS) and salivation is conditioned response (CR).
Acquisition is the learning process that gives rise to a CR.

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10
Q

What is a unconditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that leads to an automatic response.

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11
Q

What is a unconditioned response?

A

An automatic response to a stimulus.

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12
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

A response that becomes associated with a previously unrelated stimulus as a result of pairing the stimulus with another stimulus normally yielding the response.

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13
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response.

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14
Q

What happened before conditioning in Pavolv’s experiment?

A

The dog has no salivation response to the tone produced but have an unconditioned response (salivation) to the unconditioned stimulus (food).

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15
Q

What happened during conditioning in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

The dog has an unconditioned response to both the tone (conditioned stimulus) and the food (unconditioned stimulus).

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16
Q

What happened after conditioning in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

The dog has a condition response (salivation) to the tone alone (conditioned stimulus).

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17
Q

What is extinction?

A

Describes the reduction in conditioned response after several and reinforce presentations of the conditioned stimulus (without unconditioned response).

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18
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Refers to the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a prolonged absence of the conditioned stimulus. Recovered conditioned responses are usually weaker than the original conditioned response.

19
Q

What is generalisation?

A

Occurred if you react with your conditioned response.

20
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Occurred if you ignore it.

21
Q

Why are these phenomena important for survival?

A

Generalising stimuli that indicate danger.
Discriminate between nutritious and poisonous foods.

22
Q

What is trace conditioning?

A

When a delay is introduced between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli.

23
Q

What is context conditioning?

A

When we condition to our environment rather than stimuli.

24
Q

What is blocking?

A

The conditioning of an association between two stimuli, a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) is impaired if, during the conditioning process, the CS is presented together with a second CS that has already been associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

25
Q

What are some of the current applications of conditioning?

A

Understanding the basis of anxiety disorders (Watson & Rayner (1920) experiment with little Albert) (animal studies provided further evidence).
Exposure therapies to facilitate extinction of phobias.
Understand and influence attitude formation (e.g. advertising).
Understand the brain’s emotional and motivational centres.

26
Q

Who created operant conditioning?

A

E.L. Thorndike (1874-1949)
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

27
Q

What did Thorndike experiment on?

A

He was trying to figure out how animals learn to solve puzzles.
By placing a hungry animal in a cage with a lever that opens a door and leaves food outside and watch the animal. The over repeated trials cause the animals to get quicker at retrieving the food.

28
Q

What was Thorndike’s experiment called?

A

Instrument learning
Where the behaviour is instrumental in bringing about a desired outcome.

29
Q

What did Thorndike propose?

A

A law of effect. +ve outcomes increase frequency of behaviour and quicker to respond. -ve outcomes decrease frequency of behaviour.

30
Q

What did Skinner develop?

A

The famous Skinner box

31
Q

What did Skinner observe with the Skinner box?

A

If a lever press resulted in the release a food pellet, the rat’s “response” would soon increase in frequency. Thus, the lever pressing was reinforced.
If, on the other hand, each press of the lever would be punished with the delivery of an electric shock, the animals’ response frequency would soon decrease.

32
Q

What are the 3 components of operant conditioning?

A

Antecedent condition - ‘signal’ for a response
Behaviour
Consequence

33
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain rewards and avoid punishments.

34
Q

What are the antecedents?

A

These can be varied widely to assess what animals can discriminate (how they see the world). Short green light = press lever for food. Short red light = no food available. Long red light = press lever for better food.
This is very commonly used in developmental psychology to find out what children understand or not.

35
Q

What is the behaviour part?

A

They can be shaped and chained to very complex responses.

36
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

(Part of consequences)
To present pleasurable stimulus. (Primary- immediate, direct reward, e.g sweets) (Secondary- delayed, indirect reward, e.g. gold star).

37
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

(Part of consequences)
Withdraw aversive stimulus.

38
Q

What is aversive punishment?

A

(Part of consequences)
Present aversive stimulus.

39
Q

What is response cost?

A

(Part of consequences)
Withdraw pleasurable stimulus.

40
Q

What is variable ratio?

A

(Part of consequences)
Present reward after a variable number of a target behaviour.

41
Q

What is fixed ratio?

A

(Part of consequences)
Present reward after a fixed number of a target behaviour.

42
Q

What is a variable interval?

A

(Part of consequences)
Present opportunity for obtaining a reward at variable intervals.

43
Q

What is fixed intervals?

A

(Part of consequences)
Present opportunity for obtaining a reward at fixed intervals.

44
Q

What are some of the current applications of operant conditioning?

A

Training animals
Education
Workplace
Principles of motivation
Behaviour therapies
Parenting

PS1004 (9 decks)

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