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US History: 2024-2025 > The Roosevelt Era > Flashcards

The Roosevelt Era Flashcards

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1
Q

What challenges faced the United States as FDR entered the presidency?

A
  • The US was in the Great Depression.
  • Record unemployment (~25%)
  • Record homelessness and foreclosures
  • Record bank failures.
  • The Dust Bowl
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2
Q

What prior experiences prepared the Roosevelts to help the American public during their time in the White House?

A
  • FDR suffered from polio, leaving him paralyzed.
  • Related to TR who had successfully used the presidency to help many Americans.
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3
Q

What was the New Deal?

A

FDR’s collection of programs created to respond to the challenges presented by the Great Depression.

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4
Q

How did FDR address challenges facing banks and other financial institutions?

A
  • FDR announced a “bank holiday” to close all the nation’s banks, allowing them to be inspected and improved.
  • The EBRA was created to allow for the inspection of banks.
  • The FDIC was created to protect bank investments up to $5,000 ($250,000 today)
  • The SEC was created to monitor stock market practices.
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5
Q

How did FDR work to alleviate high unemployment?

A
  • During the New Deal many programs were created to jobs for the unemployed.
  • The WPA was a public works program that created 8 million jobs during the New Deal.
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6
Q

How did FDR respond to the challenges facing American farmers?

A
  • The government paid farmers to farm less, wanting to help the price of farm goods increase and allow the Dust Bowl lands to recover.
  • The AAA provided money to farmers to get. them to farm less.
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7
Q

How did FDR attempt to help those who could not work (elderly, disabled, orphaned children)?

A
  • The SSA (Social Security) was created to provide funds to support people who could not work.
  • This program has supported millions of Americans over its nearly 90 years of operation.
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8
Q

How did Frances Perkins contribute during the New Deal?

A
  • First American woman to lead a cabinet department.
  • Served as Secretary of Labor, where she helped create the Social Security system.
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9
Q

How did John Collier contribute during the New Deal?

A
  • Social work and activist how helped create the Indian New Deal.
  • This program adopted changes to support Native Americans- including the end of many boarding schools.
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10
Q

How did Mary McLeod Bethune contribute during the New Deal?

A
  • Member of FDR’s informal group of advisors called the “Black Cabinet”
  • Bethune promoted many programs increasing access to jobs and education for Black youth.
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11
Q

Why did some people complain about FDR’s New Deal?

A
  • The felt he was spending way too much money on the New Deal– more than the US could afford.
  • They felt he was becoming too powerful- almost dictatorial in some of his actions.
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12
Q

What is deficit spending?

A

When the government is spending more money than it brings in income tax revenue.

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13
Q

Why was there controversy surrounding FDR’s New Deal in the Supreme Court?

A

The Supreme Court found multiple of FDR’s programs to be unconstitutional, and forced them to be eliminated.

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14
Q

What was FDR’s “court-packing plan”?

A

FDR wanted to revise the structure of the Supreme Court, allowing him to add new justices that would support his policies.

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15
Q

In what ways was the New Deal effective?

A
  • The New Deal did help encourage the American people, with most supporting the New Deal.
  • The New Deal did help decrease American unemployment.
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16
Q

In what ways was the New Deal ineffective?

A
  • The New Deal did not manage to COMPLETELY end the Great Depression, it was still ongoing when World War II began.
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17
Q

What factors enabled the rise of dictators around the world during the Interwar Period?

A
  • In Germany, the collapsing economy caused hyperinflation and high unemployment.
  • In Italy, communist-led strikes caused many middle and upper class Italians to demand stronger leaders.
  • Vladimir Lenin died in the Soviet Union, allowing Joseph Stalin to come to power.
  • Even though it was on the winning side in WWI, Japan felt overlooked at the Paris Peace Conference.
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18
Q

What global dictators came to power in interwar: Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union?

A

Germany: Adolf Hitler
Italy: Benito Mussolini
Japan: Hideki Tojo
Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin

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19
Q

What is anti-Semitism?

A

Hostility and discrimination towards Jews.

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20
Q

How did anti-Semitism deepen in Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler?

A
  • Hitler adopted laws to strip away the rights of German Jews.
  • Hitler ordered the creation of concentration and extermination camps to target and eliminate Jews.
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21
Q

What is genocide?

A

The mass killing of a targeted group of people, such as what happened to the Jews during the Holocaust.

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22
Q

What examples exist of Nazi hatred and aggression during the Holocaust?

A
  • The Nuremberg Laws
  • Kristallnacht
  • Genocide
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23
Q

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

A

Laws created by Germany under Adolf Hitler to strip away the rights of Jews.

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24
Q

What was Kristallnacht?

A

The “Night of Broken Glass,” in November 1938, during which many Jews homes, businesses, and synagogues were destroyed.

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25
Q

What was Auschwitz?

A

The largest and deadliest Nazi extermination camp during the Holocaust where over a million people died.

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26
Q

What happened at the Munich Conference?

A
  • Leaders from Great Britain and France met with Hitler when he wanted to take over the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia.
  • The leaders agreed to the Munich Agreement, which allowed Hitler to take the land if he stopped after.
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27
Q

What was the Non-Aggression Pact?

A
  • An agreement made between Stalin and Hitler that neither country would attack the other for ten years, and they would divide Poland between their countries.
  • This agreement allowed Hitler to invade Poland without worrying about a war with the Soviets.
28
Q

What events led to the start of World War II?

A
  • After taking over several areas (Austria, Rhineland, Czechoslovakia), Nazi Germany launched a violent, blitzkrieg attack on Poland on September 1, 1939.
  • This invasion of Poland caused France and Great Britain to declare war on Germany, starting WWII.
29
Q

Why did the US stay neutral as World War II began in Europe?

A
  • The United States was amid the Great Depression and Americans wanted to focus on domestic challenges.
  • As a result the US remained very unprepared for war.
30
Q

How did the US contribute to the Allied cause BEFORE officially entering the war?

A
  • The US lifted bans on selling war materials to warring nations after the invasion of Poland, adopting the Cash and Carry System in 1939.
31
Q

What was the Cash and Carry System?

A

Neutrality policy adopted by the US, allowing the Allies to purchase war materials from the US paying cash up front, and carrying the supplies home on their own ships.

32
Q

What was the Lend-Lease Agreement?

A

Neutrality policy that eased payment expectations for the Allies as WWII worsened, allowing them to get supplies from the US for free.

33
Q

What is the significance of December 7, 1941?

A
  • The attack of American forces at Pearl Harbor Naval Base in Hawaii by the Japanese.
  • Over 2000 Americans were killed, and the US Navy devastated– prompting FDR to request a declaration of war the following day.
34
Q

How did the US mobilize economically for WWII?

A
  • The War Production Board worked with existing companies to produce war materials, such as Ford and Boeing.
  • Millions of Americans, especially women joined the workforce to build war materials.
  • Farmers worked to grow food for the war cause, and people rationed food at home.
35
Q

How did the US mobilize technologically for WWII?

A
  • The OSRD was created to employ scientists and inventors to produce new war technologies.
  • The OSRD advanced radar and sonar, made advancements with penicillin to treat infections and illnesses among soldiers.
  • The OSRD also helped form the Manhattan Project.
36
Q

How did the US mobilize militarily for WWII

A
  • FDR shaped the first peacetime draft in US history, and expanded the draft after Congress declared war.
  • Propaganda campaign were created to recruit men and women to volunteer for the military.
  • The government sold $185 billion in war bonds to grow the military.
37
Q

What was the Manhattan Project?

A
  • The US program to develop an atomic bomb during WWII.
  • The project was led by Robert Oppenheimer and employed thousands during the war.
38
Q

How did women contribute during WWII?

A
  • Women filled nearly every role left vacant when men left to serve in the war.
  • Women served in non-combat roles within the military
  • Women rationed food, planted victory gardens, purchased war bonds.
39
Q

How did Black Americans contribute during WWII?

A
  • Despite facing discrimination at home and segregation in the military, many Black men volunteered for armed service.
  • Black Americans also purchased war bonds and worked in factories to support the war cause.
40
Q

What was the Double V Campaign?

A
  • Organized effort of Black Americans to achieve “double victory” through their contributions to WWII– victory over the Nazis and victory over racism in America.
  • Black Americans believed if they helped in the war, they would gain respected equality at home.
41
Q

Who were the Tuskegee Airmen?

A

Segregated unit of decorated Black fighter pilots who served in the US Army Air Force during WWII.

42
Q

How did Japanese Americans contribute during WWII?

A
  • At first Japanese Americans were prevented from military service– worried they’d turn on the US– however they were eventually allowed to fight against Italy.
  • Some Japanese Americans also permitted to work in military intelligence and translation during the WWII.
43
Q

How did Native Americans contribute to WWII?

A
  • Many Native Americans were recruited to join the military as code writers.
  • Navajo code talkers were used to strengthen military communications in Europe and the Pacific during WWII.
44
Q

How did Mexican Americans contribute to WWII?

A
  • The bracero program was created to recruit Mexican farmers to help grow and harvest food in the US.
  • Many Mexican Americans served in the armed forces.
  • Mexican women were recruited as translators and cryptologists.
45
Q

How did discrimination target minority groups during WWII?

A
  • Segregated units limited Black Americans.
  • Race riots, such as the Detroit Race Riot and the Boot Suit Riot, targeted violence on Black and Mexican Americans.
  • Japanese Americans were placed in Internment camps.
46
Q

Why did Japanese Americans face discrimination during WWII?

A

The government worried that Japanese Americans would turn on the US if the Japanese invaded.

47
Q

What are internment camps?

A
  • Prison camps that housed Japanese Americans during World War II; with armed guards and barbed wire, preventing them from leaving.
48
Q

Why was Executive Order 9066 controversial?

A
  • Executive Order 9066 prevented Japanese Americans from living along the West coast of the US– forcing them to leave their homes and live in internment camps.
  • This policy seemed to strip Japanese Americans of their rights as US citizens.
49
Q

What was Koresmatsu v. the United States?

A
  • Supreme Court case regarding Fred Koresmatsu, a Japanese American citizen who refused to leave for the internment camps.
  • The Supreme Court said that the policy was okay, on the grounds it would protect national security.
50
Q

How did the United States contribute to the War in North Africa?

A
  • After securing supply lines in the Atlantic, the US made its first land invasion in North Africa via Operation Torch.
  • Led by Eisenhower and Patton, this successful operation helped the US secure oil in the region– and protect supply routes.
51
Q

How did the US contribute to the War in Southern Europe?

A
  • After winning in North Africa, the US made its next invasions in Sicily and Italy, (the “soft underbelly of Europe”)
  • Soon after, Mussolini was removed from power and executed.
  • Italy was the first Axis power to surrender in WWII.
52
Q

What challenges did the US face in the Pacific Theater after the attack on Pearl Harbor?

A
  • The Pacific Theater was destroyed after coordinated attacks four naval bases (including Pearl Harbor).
  • The Philippines was seized by the Japanese, along with thousands of American Navy service members.
  • The Japanese won against the US for 6 months straight in the Pacific.
53
Q

What was the Bataan Death March?

A
  • Deadly march of American prisoners of war by the Japanese after the seizure of the Philippines.
  • 15,000 Americans died on this march at the hands of the Japanese.
54
Q

How did the island-hopping strategy impact the American war effort in the Pacific Theater?

A
  • By focusing on small, less-defended islands, the US Navy could work its way slowly across the massive Pacific Ocean.
  • America hoped to eventually free American prisoners in the Philippines and to launch a major attack against Japan.
55
Q

What happened during the Battle of Midway?

A
  • Widely considered the “turning point” in the Pacific war, the Americans gained their first victory against the Japanese.
  • Allowed the US to start its “island-hopping” campaign.
56
Q

What is the significance of June 6, 1944?

A
  • This marked the Allied invasion of Nazi-controlled France; better known as D-Day.
  • It is the largest land and air invasion by the American military in its history.
  • Started the effort to free Western Europe from the Nazis
57
Q

How did the German war cause decline after the D-Day invasion?

A
  • After D-Day, Hitler’s Nazi Army suffered a series of defeats and was forced to retreat into Germany.
  • Before Germany surrendered, Hitler killed himself.
58
Q

What is VE Day?

A
  • “Victory in Europe” Day; May 8, 1945
  • The day of the German surrender which ended the war in Europe.
59
Q

Why were the Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa important?

A
  • Both of these battles were fought between the US and Japanese over islands very close to Japan.
  • Fighting was exceptionally violent and deadly, with the Japanese turning to suicide operations to try and prevent American victory.
  • Both ended in American victories.
60
Q

What is a kamikaze?

A
  • Japanese suicide attacks using aircraft during WWII.
  • Became increasingly common the closer the US got to Japan.
61
Q

What controversy surrounded the use of the atomic bomb at the end of WWII?

A
  • The atomic bomb was 20,000 x more power than a conventional bomb.
  • No one had ever used such a weapon during time of war, if the US did so– especially against civilians– other countries may want to carry out a similar attack against the US in the future.
62
Q

Why did President Truman decide to use the atomic bomb at the end of WWII?

A

Truman argued:
* The US had been attacking Japan for months with no sign of surrender from the Japanese.
* A potential land invasion of Japan would like result in over a million deaths, making the war last even longer.
* The Japanese were not likely to be scared into surrender if the US dropped an atomic bomb on a uninhabited island

63
Q

What is the significance of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

A
  • The two Japanese cities that were targeted by American atomic bombs in August 1945.
  • Hundreds of thousands of deaths and injuries occurred; and both cities were completely flattened by the attacks.
  • These attacks prompted the Japanese unconditional surrender.
64
Q

What was the Yalta Conference?

A
  • Meeting held between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin shortly before Germany surrendered- to discuss plans to end the war.
  • The countries agreed to form the United Nations (UN) at this meeting.
  • Stalin was intent on dominating Eastern Europe.
65
Q

What was the Potsdam Conference?

A
  • Meeting held between Truman, Stalin, and Atlee (new Prime Minister) shortly after Germany surrendered– but before Japan surrendered.
  • The men decided to divide Germany into 4 Allied occupation zones.
  • Truman requested that Stalin help invade Japan.
66
Q

How did meetings at the end of WWII resolve some global issues?

A
  • War trials were held for those who committed atrocities in Axis countries during the war; Nuremberg Trials and Tokyo Trials.
  • The United Nations was created to replace the League of Nations.
  • The UN Declaration on Human Rights was written.
67
Q

What new issues began emerging at the end of WWII?

A
  • Stalin was determined to take over Eastern Europe.
  • Stalin was furious Truman didn’t tell him about the atomic bomb– and refused to trust him.

US History: 2024-2025 (10 decks)

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