US History Midterm 2024 Flashcards
Identify the major challenges facing the US after the Civil War.
- Determining how to protect the rights of freed slaves.
- Rebuilding the economy after wartime damages.
- Establishing a process to readmit seceded Southern states.
Describe how the Radical Republicans’ approach to Reconstruction differed from President Andrew Johnson’s.
- Radicals were much more determined to destroy the South.
- Radicals were committed to protect the rights of freed slaves.
- Johnson did not feel that these ideas were beneficial and vetoed multiple policies to protect freedmen.
Identify the positive changes that impacted Black Americans during Reconstruction.
- Passage of the 13th (ended slavery), 14th (citizenship rights), and 15th (Black male voting) Amendments.
- Formation of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
- Election of Black poltiicians; like Senator Hiram Revels.
Identify the negative changes that impacted Black Americans during Reconstruction.
- Creation of white supremacy groups, like the KKK.
- Creation of the sharecropping system.
- Developments of voting restrictions: like poll taxes and literacy tests.
Explain the purpose of Black Codes created after the Civil War.
- To limit the rights of newly freed slaves.
- Examples: Limits on employment, housing, voting, and more.
Explain each of the following conflicts during Reconstruction:
- Radical Republicans vs. President Lincoln
- Radical Republicans vs. President Johnson
- President Grant vs. the South
- Radicals believed tha Lincoln’s 10% plan was too lenient to the South.
- Johnson wanted to pardon many Southern leaders, angering Radicals.
- President Grant favored policies that banned white supremacist groups like the KKK
Explain how the Election of 1876 led to the end of Reconstruction.
- Because there was no majority winner in the Electoral College, a commission was formed in the House of Reps to choose a winner.
- This group agreed to a compromise that made the Republican Hayes President— BUT he had to remove federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction.
Identify the factors that led to increased innovation after the Civil War.
- Availability of natural resources in the US.
- Excitement to promote positive ideas/products after the war.
- Creativity that stemmed from wartime military innovations.
Describe how the following innovations impacted the US after the war:
- Bessemer Process
- Steam Powered Drill
- Incandescant Light Bulb
- Allowed for the mass-production of affordable steel.
- Made it easier to access oil that could be used in kerosene lamps.
- Businesses were able to work longer hours and presented fewer fire risks.
Describe the factors that led to industrial growth after the Civil War.
- Advancements in technology led to mass production of steel.
- These advancements allowed for rapid expansion of railroads.
- Businesses could then sell products all over the country.
- Businesses made more money, with some Americans becoming the richest in US history.
Identify what each of the following Gilded Age figures is known for:
- Thomas Edison
- Andrew Carnegie
- John D Rockefeller
- Innovator whose New Jersey laboratory developed many Gilded Age innovation- like the incandescant light bulb.
- Former child labor work, who eventually started a successful steel company in Pittsburgh, PA.
- Founder of Standard Oil Co, out of Cleveland; controlled 90% of the nation’s oil supply during the Gilded Age.
Describe the living conditions of average Americans during the Gilded Age.
- Although the Gilded Age saw extreme wealth for a few, MOST Americans lived in crowded, urban homes called tenements.
- These tenements lacked running water, electricity, indoor restrooms; which ~10 people living in a single room.
Describe the working conditions of average Americans during the Gilded Age.
- Most workers faced incredibly long hours (12+ hours days/6 days a week).
- Workers were paid very little; often less than a dollar per day.
- Conditions in factories were dangerous; even deadly.
- Many factories employed young children (as young as 3) in dangerous conditions.
Describe how laborers responded to their poor working conditions.
- Many workers joined labor unions, to challenge powerful companies.
- These groups organized protests, strikes, boycotts and more to challenge factory owners to improve conditions.
Describe why the period of industrial growth after the Civil War is called the Gilded Age.
- At the surface, this period appears to be a successful time for the United States; largely due to the extreme wealth accumulated by men like Carnagie and Rockefeller.
- However, most Americans faced absolutely horrible working and living conditions due to the exploitive behaviors of the wealthy.
Explain why many Americans moved West after the Civil War.
- After experiencing such a brutal conflict, many Americans appealed to the new opportunities life in the West presented.
- Many Americans believed it was the nation’s “Manifest Destiny” to spread American ideals to the the West.
Identify what developments directly encouraged westward expansion after the Civil War.
- Completion of the transcontinental railroad.
- Passage of the Homestead Act.
Identify the challenges facing settlers who moved West after the Civil War.
- Locusts plagues destroyed crops.
- Conflicts with Native Americans.
- Severe weather, including tornadoes, blizzards, and drought.
- Treeless plains forced people to built mud huts for homes; called soddies.
Describe how westward expansion after the Civil War impacted Native populations.
- Many violent conflicts broke out between white settlers and the Natives- often over land disputes.
- Many treaties were created that stripped Native Americans of their land ownership.
Describe the following conflicts that occurred with Native populations:
- Massacre at Sand Creek
- Battle of Little Bighorn
- Wounded Knee Massacre
- US Army attack on Natives in Colorado after gold was discovered nearby; over 100 women and children were brutally killed while men were away hunting.
- Conflict that broke out after Lt. Gen. Custer was sent by the US Army to land where gold was discovered; the Natives killed Custer and his men.
- Violent attack against Natives in the Dakotas; started after US officials mistook a Native Ghost Dance ceremony for a warrior dance. Over 300 Natives were killed.
Explain how the federal government justified their attacks on the Natives.
- They called the Natives barbaric and uncivilized.
- Considered the Natives to be the dangerous aggressors who needed to be controlled for safety and order in the West.
Describe the purpose of the Dawes Act.
- The Dawes Act divided up Native communal lands into small plots- stripped them of 13 million acres of land.
- The government believed that such “assimilation” policies would “Americanize” the “savage” Natives, preventing future conflict.
Describe how the introduction of steel tools impacted western farming
- Production of farm goods increased.
- Created financial hardship for poor farmers who struggled to afford such tools.
Identify the actions taken by western farmers to address their hardships.
- Farmers joined farmers alliances; sharing farm tools and attending social events.
- Leaders in the farmers alliance movement formed a political party- the Populist Party- to bring attention to the needs of poor farmers and laborers.
Describe the ideas supported by the Populist Party.
- Populist supported policies that benefits poor farmers and laborers
- They wanted more regulation of banks and businesses who they viewed as unfair.
- They supported replacing the gold standard with bimetallism- to be able to print more money with minimal increase in inflation.
Describe how the US population changed entering the 20th century.
- The overall population of the US increased dramatically.
- More Americans lived in urban areas compared with rural areas.
Explain why the US population changed entering the 20th century.
- Immigration to the US increased dramatically.
- Most jobs available were factory jobs in large urban centers.
Contrast immigration patterns near the start of the 20th century with today.
- Entering the 20th century, most immigrants arriving in America traveled from Europe.
- Today, most immigrants arrive in the US from Central and South America or Asia.
Describe how increased immigration impacted American cities entering the 20th century.
- Urban centers, especially in the Northeast, grew very quickly.
- This caused overcrowding and poor living conditions– with most immigrants residing in tenements.
Describe and provide examples of the following causes of immigration
- Push Factors
- Pull Factors
- Conditions within an individual’s home country that cause them to leave. Ex. Starvation/famine; war; political repression.
- Qualities or opportunities that attract an individual to a new place. Ex. Political and Religious freedom; jobs; peace.
Describe the purpose of the following locations:
- Ellis Island
- Angel Island
Both Ellis and Angel Island were government processing centers for new immigrants.
1. Ellis Island: Located in NYC processed European immigrants.
2. Angel Island: Located in San Francisco, processed Asian Immigrants.
Explain why many considered America a “melting pot” entering the 20th century.
With increased immigration, the US became a country filled with many diverse cultures, languages, relgiions and more, blending together into a unified society.
Describe how nativism impacted the US entering the 20th century.
- As immigration increased, many Americans developed nativist beliefs– suggesting that native-born Americans were superior to new immigrants.
- These beliefs led to policies- like the Chinese Exclusion Act- which aimed to restrict immigration from places the US considered less desirable.
Identify the challenges facing urban residents entering the 20th century.
- Poverty
- Disease
- Crime/petty theft
- Dangerous fires
- Unsanitary streets + water
Describe how incidents like the Great Chicago Fire and Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire impacted urban communities.
- Both incidents were incredibly deadly events- largely due to poor emergency response and poor building regulations.
- Afterward, cities began improving their emergency response (creation of fire departments), adopting building codes and workplace safety standards.
Describe what caused the Johnstown (PA) Flood.
- Greedy business leaders, like Henry Clay Frick, prioritized improvements to their Hunting and Fishing Club over the safety of a nearby dam.
- During a rainstrom- the dam burst- violently flooding Johnstown, PA- killing thousands of residents; deadliest manmade disaster in the US before 9/11
Identify the factors that led to the creation of political machines.
- Rapid urbanization caused many issues in large cities that needed to be addressed.
- All levels of the US government were ineffective at addressing these issues.
- Poor and immigrant residents relied on political machines to find housing and jobs– because no one else was able to help.
Describe how Boss Tweed demonstrated the drawbacks of poltical machines.
Although political machines were supposed to resolve corruption and ineffective government– leaders like William “Boss” Tweed were just as corrupt– embezzling millions from the cities they were supposed to help.
Identify the challenges Black Americans continued to face AFTER Reconstruction
Jim Crow Laws were adopted, resulting in increased segregation, voting restrictions, and other limits on Black freedom.