The Road To Democracy Flashcards
What was the case for democracy in SA
One step forward one step back
When did negotiations start and when did the first democratic elections take place
Negotiations started in early 1986 and first democratic elections were in 1994
What were some ongoing issues
- Mandela wanted democracy as soon as possible
- de Klerk wanted some form of power-sharing agreement (else he would be out of power)
- Bantustan leaders wanted to keep power
- people wanted immediate change, when there was no immediate change, people returned to mass action
What were the general steps forward in 1989- 1994
- unbanning or organisations and release of political prisoners
- Groote Schuur Minutes
- CODESA 1
- CODESA 2
- National peace accord
- record of understanding and sunset clause
- multi-party negotiating fund
- new interim constitution accepted
- first democratic elections
What were the general steps backward in 1989-1994
Black-on-black violence (third force)
- Sebokeng and escalated violence
- Boipatong
- Bisho
Right wingers
- formation of COSAG
- assassination of Chris Hani
- AWB storm world trade centre
- PAC St. James Church massacre and Heidelberg tavern
- Bophuthatswana
- Shell house massacre
De Klerk
- whites only referendum
What were the steps forward in 1990
- unbanning of organisations and release of political prisoners
- Groote Schuur Minutes
- Pretoria Minutes
What were the steps backwards in 1990
- black on black violence (third force)
What does the unbanning of organisations do
Leads to lift in media censorship and emergency regulations
What happened to Mandela when he was released
Appointed deputy president of the ANC
What were the Groote Schuur Minutes
Talks about talks: pre-formal negotiation meetings (NP/ANC)
What happened at the Groote Schuur Minutes
- commits to an end to violence and to work towards process of negotiation
- temporary indemnity offered to ANC exiles
- NP looked into reviewing some security legislations
What happened in the Pretoria Minutes
Mandel makes first bug gesture: agrees to ‘suspend’ the armed struggle of ANC and MK. Gave De Klerk opportunity to look into lifting state security legislation
How was 1990 marred by violence
- Conflict between IFP and ANC
- Random brutal attacks on ANC supporters on trains and in townships
- Sebokeng: IFP hostel dwellers attack ANC supporters
Why was the IFP acting the way it was in 1990
- had been the only black political party: was seen as reasonable and cooperative by NP
- Buthelezi thought that they would take a key position in the new government when change came
- ANC seemed to be working with NP
What were the steps forward in 1991
- CODESA
- signing of declaration of intent
What were the steps backward in 1991
There were no significant steps backward in 1991
What happened at CODESA
- 19 political parties involved
- met at world trade centre in Kempton park
- tripartite alliance of ANC, COSATU and SACP
What was the aim on the deceleration of intent
To bring about an undivided SA
What were the steps forward in 1992
- Mandela ignores insult (whites only referendum) and doesn’t react
- CODESA 2
- Bisho massacre
- signing of national peace accord
- sunset clause
What were the steps backward in 1992
- NP support drops
- de Klerk: whites only referendum
- asked if people supported the continuation of the reform process
- majority yes vote
- insulted Mandela
- de Klerk signed the declaration of intent: should not be thinking of halting the process
- ‘whites only’ suggests de Klerk does not view ‘non-whites’ as South African
- interpreted result of referendum as a vote of confidence in his: more confident, less willing to look for compromise
- massacre at Boipatong
- Bisho massacre
What did they struggle to come to an agreement on at CODESA 2
Majority rule
Power sharing
Regional powers
On-going violence
How was the Bisho massacre a step forward
- convinced de Klerk and Mandela that the only way to end constant violence was to negotiate a settlement
- Mandela dropped number of demands
- Mandela uncovers the death squads and dirty tricks which de Klerk denied all knowledge of.
- ban on cultural weapons
- fencing of hostels
Signing of national peace accord
- recommitment to negotiation (IFP also signs)
- negotiations continue
Sunset clause
- joe slovo
- allows the government of national unity to serve until 2000
- election to be held
- constitution based on interim bill of rights
- signing of record of understanding
How was the massacre at Boipatong a step backwards
- IFP attacks township
- rumours of police bringing IFP
- police investigation is careless and inconclusive
- de Klerk visits but is chased out
What were the steps forward in 1993
- Talks resume
- multi-pray negotiating forum
- interim constitution signed
What were the steps backwards in 1993
- Pessimistic mood turns county to brink of war as many disasters threaten to derail negotiations
- assassination of Chris Hani
- AWB storm world trade centre
- APLA soldiers attack church in CP
What were te steps forward in 1994
- world looking at SA to show world that peaceful, negotiated transition was possible
- Freedom Front would participate in elections
- IFP also enter elections
- first democratic elections
- inauguration of nelson Mandela
How long did the elections last
4 days
Who was determined to be able to have representatives in GNU
ANC
IFP
NP
What were the steps backwards in 1994
- Uprising in Bophuthatswana
- IFP march to Shell House
How was the uprising in Bophuthatswana a step backwards
- Mangope wants to hang onto power in homeland
- AWB support him (shoot any black african they see)
- Mangope disappeared
- police join ANC supporters in streets
- Bophuthatswana reincorporated into SA
IFP march to shell house
- IFP wanted to boycott elections
- ANC soldiers fire at IFP
