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A. South African History 2019 > The Road To Democracy > Flashcards

The Road To Democracy Flashcards

1
Q

What was the case for democracy in SA

A

One step forward one step back

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2
Q

When did negotiations start and when did the first democratic elections take place

A

Negotiations started in early 1986 and first democratic elections were in 1994

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3
Q

What were some ongoing issues

A
  • Mandela wanted democracy as soon as possible
  • de Klerk wanted some form of power-sharing agreement (else he would be out of power)
  • Bantustan leaders wanted to keep power
  • people wanted immediate change, when there was no immediate change, people returned to mass action
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4
Q

What were the general steps forward in 1989- 1994

A
  • unbanning or organisations and release of political prisoners
  • Groote Schuur Minutes
  • CODESA 1
  • CODESA 2
  • National peace accord
  • record of understanding and sunset clause
  • multi-party negotiating fund
  • new interim constitution accepted
  • first democratic elections
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5
Q

What were the general steps backward in 1989-1994

A

Black-on-black violence (third force)

  • Sebokeng and escalated violence
  • Boipatong
  • Bisho

Right wingers

  • formation of COSAG
  • assassination of Chris Hani
  • AWB storm world trade centre
  • PAC St. James Church massacre and Heidelberg tavern
  • Bophuthatswana
  • Shell house massacre

De Klerk
- whites only referendum

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6
Q

What were the steps forward in 1990

A
  • unbanning of organisations and release of political prisoners
  • Groote Schuur Minutes
  • Pretoria Minutes
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7
Q

What were the steps backwards in 1990

A
  • black on black violence (third force)
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8
Q

What does the unbanning of organisations do

A

Leads to lift in media censorship and emergency regulations

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9
Q

What happened to Mandela when he was released

A

Appointed deputy president of the ANC

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10
Q

What were the Groote Schuur Minutes

A

Talks about talks: pre-formal negotiation meetings (NP/ANC)

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11
Q

What happened at the Groote Schuur Minutes

A
  • commits to an end to violence and to work towards process of negotiation
  • temporary indemnity offered to ANC exiles
  • NP looked into reviewing some security legislations
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12
Q

What happened in the Pretoria Minutes

A

Mandel makes first bug gesture: agrees to ‘suspend’ the armed struggle of ANC and MK. Gave De Klerk opportunity to look into lifting state security legislation

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13
Q

How was 1990 marred by violence

A
  • Conflict between IFP and ANC
  • Random brutal attacks on ANC supporters on trains and in townships
  • Sebokeng: IFP hostel dwellers attack ANC supporters
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14
Q

Why was the IFP acting the way it was in 1990

A
  • had been the only black political party: was seen as reasonable and cooperative by NP
  • Buthelezi thought that they would take a key position in the new government when change came
  • ANC seemed to be working with NP
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15
Q

What were the steps forward in 1991

A
  • CODESA

- signing of declaration of intent

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16
Q

What were the steps backward in 1991

A

There were no significant steps backward in 1991

17
Q

What happened at CODESA

A
  • 19 political parties involved
  • met at world trade centre in Kempton park
  • tripartite alliance of ANC, COSATU and SACP
18
Q

What was the aim on the deceleration of intent

A

To bring about an undivided SA

19
Q

What were the steps forward in 1992

A
  • Mandela ignores insult (whites only referendum) and doesn’t react
  • CODESA 2
  • Bisho massacre
  • signing of national peace accord
  • sunset clause
20
Q

What were the steps backward in 1992

A
  • NP support drops
  • de Klerk: whites only referendum
  • asked if people supported the continuation of the reform process
  • majority yes vote
  • insulted Mandela
  • de Klerk signed the declaration of intent: should not be thinking of halting the process
  • ‘whites only’ suggests de Klerk does not view ‘non-whites’ as South African
  • interpreted result of referendum as a vote of confidence in his: more confident, less willing to look for compromise
  • massacre at Boipatong
  • Bisho massacre
21
Q

What did they struggle to come to an agreement on at CODESA 2

A

Majority rule
Power sharing
Regional powers
On-going violence

22
Q

How was the Bisho massacre a step forward

A
  • convinced de Klerk and Mandela that the only way to end constant violence was to negotiate a settlement
  • Mandela dropped number of demands
  • Mandela uncovers the death squads and dirty tricks which de Klerk denied all knowledge of.
  • ban on cultural weapons
  • fencing of hostels
23
Q

Signing of national peace accord

A
  • recommitment to negotiation (IFP also signs)

- negotiations continue

24
Q

Sunset clause

A
  • joe slovo
  • allows the government of national unity to serve until 2000
  • election to be held
  • constitution based on interim bill of rights
  • signing of record of understanding
25
Q

How was the massacre at Boipatong a step backwards

A
  • IFP attacks township
  • rumours of police bringing IFP
  • police investigation is careless and inconclusive
  • de Klerk visits but is chased out
26
Q

What were the steps forward in 1993

A
  • Talks resume
  • multi-pray negotiating forum
  • interim constitution signed
27
Q

What were the steps backwards in 1993

A
  • Pessimistic mood turns county to brink of war as many disasters threaten to derail negotiations
  • assassination of Chris Hani
  • AWB storm world trade centre
  • APLA soldiers attack church in CP
28
Q

What were te steps forward in 1994

A
  • world looking at SA to show world that peaceful, negotiated transition was possible
  • Freedom Front would participate in elections
  • IFP also enter elections
  • first democratic elections
  • inauguration of nelson Mandela
29
Q

How long did the elections last

A

4 days

30
Q

Who was determined to be able to have representatives in GNU

A

ANC
IFP
NP

31
Q

What were the steps backwards in 1994

A
  • Uprising in Bophuthatswana

- IFP march to Shell House

32
Q

How was the uprising in Bophuthatswana a step backwards

A
  • Mangope wants to hang onto power in homeland
  • AWB support him (shoot any black african they see)
  • Mangope disappeared
  • police join ANC supporters in streets
  • Bophuthatswana reincorporated into SA
33
Q

IFP march to shell house

A
  • IFP wanted to boycott elections

- ANC soldiers fire at IFP

A. South African History 2019 (8 decks)

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