The Rise of Piedmont Flashcards
What hope was there for unity after the 1848 revolutions
- Liberal Piedmont had many writers pushing unification
- ideas of unity were convincing enough to start revolutions
- Victor Emmanuel kept the statuto
What destroyed all hope for unity after the 1848 revolutions
- No longer had papal support
- Revitalised Austrian presence
- French presence
- new king victor Emmanuel was autocratic
What happened to Charles Albert
Abdicated in 1849
Statuto
The constitutional monarchy established in 1848
Why was Piedmont significant after 1848
They remained as the only state with a constitution after the 1848 revolutions
Why did Victor Emmanuel keep the statuto
He was pressured by the new Austrian foreign minister Shwarzenburg
What were some of the main features of the statuto
- Free press
- Individual liberty
- Elected parliament would decide taxes
- laws had to be approved by the king
- enforced a rule of law
Why did Shwarzwnburg show interest in maintaining Piedmont
He saw them as an ally of Austria against the more radical states in Italy
Who did Victor Emmanuel appoint as PM
d’Azeglio
What is rule of law
No one is able the law and everyone is equal in the eyes of the law
Consequences of Piedmont remaining with the statuto
- 30,000 refugees remained in Piedmont
- Many intellectuals like Ferrara and Massari started writing on nationalist and liberal thought, writing from an Italian perspective utilising free press, formed the basis of the national society
What was the Siccardi Laws
A concordat made between the state and church in Piedmont but was made without any consultation with the church
Concordat
Agreement signed between papacy and the state
Terms in the Siccardi laws
- Abolished separate law courts for priests
- Abolished rights of criminals to seek shelter in churches
- Restricted religious groups power to buy property
- Number of religious feast days which forbade work was reduced
Significance of the siccardi laws
Reflected Piedmonts determination to modernise and assert dominance of the state over the church
What was the state of Austria following the 1848 revolutions
They were in a state of decline internally especially economically, but still maintained regional military power in Italy as they suppressed most the revolutions with ease.
What were the internal issues in Austria in 1848
Emperor Ferdinand had abdicated and there was revolution and disorder in Vienna, new emperor Francis tried to assert economic control over German states controlled by Prussia but this failed miserably
How did Austria still remain powerful over Prussia in the 1850s
They demanded the disbanding of a Prussian league in 1850, Prussia was still afraid of the superiority of the Austrian military.
Zollverein
Union of northern German states which agreed beneficial economic system, Prussia was the main controlling power
What was the significance of the Zollverein
Gave northern German states that opposed Austria gained an economic advantage, subsequent economic decline in Austria
What was the impact of the popes allocution
Got rid of any nationalist ideas with the pope at the head of an italian confederation
Why was the popes fleeing of Rome significant
Illustrated his lack of temporal power in Rome an dislike by the people due to not reinforcing his supposedly liberal reforms
When did the pope return to Rome
1850
Cardinal Antonelli
Appointed by Pius in 1848 as Secretary of State he was a conservative who influenced pope Pius
How did the papal state operate after the 1848 revolutions
Pope Pius withdrew from political matters to theological ones, leaving Antonelli in charge which made the papal states a reactionary oppressive one that was inherently against constitution
What was evidence of the harsh repressive absolute rule in the Papal States in the 1850s
- Public executions
- Political prisoners all imprisoned
- Only ordained men were allowed in office
- Attempted assassination of Antonelli
- extreme poverty for the masses in the papal states
How did the pope reinforce temporal power in 1851
He stated that temporal power was justified by the teachings of christ
Which states supported popes temporal power in the 1850s
- Duke Leopold in Tuscany
- Spain
- Austria
- Many south American states
Displays the continued powerful influence of the church at the time
How many years after 1849 did the French occupy Rome
20
What was the problem with Mazzinian tactics
alienated the peasant masses with his ideas, no collective uprising
What organisations did Mazzini form in 1850s in Britain
Society of friends of Italy
National Italian committee
What happened in the early 1850s across Italy in that hugely damaged mazzinis reputation
Mazziniani uprisings in Sicily, Milan, Palermo which all failed due to lack of organisation
What was Pisacanes revolution and when
1857 he was inspired by Mazzini seized a ship and sailed for Sapri, he was defied and killed himself which damaged mazzinis cause of a democracy in nationalism
What signalised the age of Mazzini had come to an end
- Garibaldi distanced himself from Mazzini
- Manin announced support for Piedmont
- many mazzinians joined the national society
How did liberalism succeed after 1848 revolutions
Piedmont displayed acceptance of a moderate liberalism in how they governed their state, had parliamentary sovereignty, completely different to all other reactionary rulers in Italy
What was the middle way in Piedmont
The moderate liberals that represented the Piedmontese parliament, provided alternative to the conservative attitudes however they weren’t nationalist for Italy.
How did moderate liberalism help Italian nationalism
It made it slightly more conservative and pragmatic which allowed it to get support of the more conservative leaders in Italy
Carlo Pisacane
one of the leaders of the roman republic in the 1848 revolutions, great italian writer and figure of the Risorgimento
What was the lower house in Piedmont called
chamber of Deputies
What was the upper house called in Piedmont
Senate
Proclamation of Moncalieri 1849
Victor Emmanuels threat to dissolve the electorate in Piedmont if the chamber of deputies didn’t change their decision of opposing the Austrian peace treaty
What role was Cavour initially given in 1850
Minister of agriculture and trade
What role was Cavour also given in 1851
Minister of finance
What trade treaties had Cavour signed by end of 1851
- Belgium
- Britain
- Portugal
- France
What did imports and exports increase by in the 1850s under Cavour and why
300% due to the beneficial tariffs in his free trade agreements
What did the siccardi laws cause in d’Azeglio government
division between conservative right led by Balbo opposed it as well as all the church bodies in Piedmont and the pope. d’Azeglio attempted to reduce the free press to appease the further right.
Who was the leader of the centre left
Ratazzi
The connubio when and what
Engineered by Cavour in 1852 was a parliamentary agreement with the centre left, they share views of anti-clericalism
What were the consequences of the Connubio
- Strengthened power of parliament over the crown by unifying it more
- Ratazzi was elected president of lower house
- Cavour resigned
- crisis developed over a civil marriage bill when the king objected due to papal pressure
What was the final most significant consequence of the Connubio
d’Azeglio resigned and the king asked Cavour to be prime minister
Why was Cavour a good politician
He was politically fluid as he was a pragmatist and opportunist as he would lean left or right depending on the most beneficial for that situation
What did Cavour call the catholic church
Chief cause of misfortunes of Italy
Anti-Clericalism
Abasing the church
What bill did Cavour introduce in 1855
Abolition of monasteries not involved in education or charity work, this was achieved with a lot of opposition
Why did Cavour have to put aside his own personal political views
He was anti-clerical but had to tolerate them to prevent alliances forming against his government and the risk of sacking, he ended the connexion and sacked rattazzi
Why was Cavour significant
He managed to maintain control over a divided parliament, balancing views of conservative king and radical revolutionaries
How did Cavour create political stability in the 1850s
He allied short term with Austria warning them of mazziniian uprisings and putting some down in Genoa himself, distancing Piedmont from radical nationalism
Where did a lot of Mazzinis criticism comes from
Result of the failure of the 1848 revolutions but also in response to mazzinis nationalism being to moderately liberal and not radical enough
Examples of Mazzinis criticisms
- Carbonari leader Orsini painted Mazzini as a dictator
- Garibaldi called mazzini to be abasing republicanism
How did Piedmont begin to be the first italian state to industrialise
Political freedom allowed for industrial development, building railways, silk and cotton industries
How many cotton workers by 1844 In Piedmont
114,000
Why was piedmonts development a factory system hampered
Lack of access to coal
Why did Cavour see the importance of railways so much
He visited England recognising its important in economic development, saw material and political benefits of developing Piedmontese railways
How many km of railway lines by 1861
2404
What percentage of Italian railways in 1861 were in Piedmont
40%
How many Francs in 1850s were invested into Piedmontese railways
200 million
How much did Cavours 1855 anti-clerical bill add to state finances
£145,000
What are railways facts in 1850s about Piedmont
- 13km track through mount Denis in 1857
- 1854 section linked Milan,Turin,Genoa,France
- 850km of railways in Piedmont by the end of 1850s
Why did Cavour promote free trade
He believed it to be the most beneficial economic policy but also would promote a moderate liberalism
Where did Cavour encourage a lot of FDI from
French bankers like the Rothschilds
How did the electric telegraph improve in 1853
Linked Paris and Turin
What water development was constructed in 1857
Cavour canal
Which port did Cavour modernise
Genoa
What was the main result of all the economic and political modernisations in Piedmont
They were the leading power on the italian peninsula and were seen as the ones who could expel the Austrians
What was the one problem with cavours economic change
725 million lire of debt
Terms of the Milan treaty signed in 1849
- Piedmont owed Austria 65 million francs
- Re affirm congress of Vienna, Austria held power in Italy and control over Lombardy and Venetia
When did the Crimean war begin
1854
What were the two sides of the crimean war
France and Britain vs Russia
Why did the Crimean war undermine Austrian power
They had alliance with Russia so were expected to go to war with them but remained neutral so Russias animosity grew
Four points agreement
1854 agreement by France Austria Britain which aimed to force Russia to negotiate the crimean war, furthered secured deterioration of Austrian Russian alliance
What secret treaty did Austria sign with Britain and franc win 1854
Austrian possessions in Italy would be protected for the duration of the crimean war.
Why was pressure put on Piedmont to join the crimean war
Britain and France were seeking reinforcements
Who wanted to enter the war with Crimea
Victor Emmanuel was pro war and threatened to appoint a pro war PM
Who was reluctant to go to war in Crimea
Cavour was more reluctant as he didn’t see Russia as an enemy but Austria
When and how did Cavour decide to join the Crimea
1855 he decided to join the war by sending 15,000 troops
What were the reasons Cavour joined the crimean war
- Wanted to maintain British and French support over them supporting Austria
- Pressure from British and French ambassadors
- Nationalist pressure domestically
How did the crimean war end
Austria threatened to enter the war for the lies so Russia sued for peace
Results of the Congress of Paris 1856
- Britain and France didn’t want to upset Austria by talking about the italian question
- Cavours presence showed Piedmonts growing diplomatic influence
- French and British now were in debt to Piedmont
- Austria was now completely isolated diplomatically
Who were the French and british ambassadors who pushed piedmonts crimean war involvement
James Hudson and Duc de Guiche
What was Britain and Frances main aim in the 1850s
Maintaining stable relations with Austria, so although discussing the italian question slightly no real conviction was made
Piedmontese Isolationsists
people who believed Piedmont would suffer as a result of unifying with the weaker italian states
What valuable thing for unification or just expelling Austria from north Italy did Cavour recognise and value
The need for foreign support which is why he pursued so much foreign policy
How was Cavour inadvertently a nationalist
He was resolutely anti-austrian influence in northern Italy, this was unification by default
What was Cavours most significant impact at the treaty of Paris
Made contact with Napoleon III president of France who was personally sympathetic to the italian cause
