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Italian unification > The Rise of Piedmont > Flashcards

The Rise of Piedmont Flashcards

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1
Q

What hope was there for unity after the 1848 revolutions

A
  • Liberal Piedmont had many writers pushing unification
  • ideas of unity were convincing enough to start revolutions
  • Victor Emmanuel kept the statuto
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2
Q

What destroyed all hope for unity after the 1848 revolutions

A
  • No longer had papal support
  • Revitalised Austrian presence
  • French presence
  • new king victor Emmanuel was autocratic
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3
Q

What happened to Charles Albert

A

Abdicated in 1849

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4
Q

Statuto

A

The constitutional monarchy established in 1848

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5
Q

Why was Piedmont significant after 1848

A

They remained as the only state with a constitution after the 1848 revolutions

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6
Q

Why did Victor Emmanuel keep the statuto

A

He was pressured by the new Austrian foreign minister Shwarzenburg

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7
Q

What were some of the main features of the statuto

A
  • Free press
  • Individual liberty
  • Elected parliament would decide taxes
  • laws had to be approved by the king
  • enforced a rule of law
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8
Q

Why did Shwarzwnburg show interest in maintaining Piedmont

A

He saw them as an ally of Austria against the more radical states in Italy

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9
Q

Who did Victor Emmanuel appoint as PM

A

d’Azeglio

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10
Q

What is rule of law

A

No one is able the law and everyone is equal in the eyes of the law

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11
Q

Consequences of Piedmont remaining with the statuto

A
  • 30,000 refugees remained in Piedmont
  • Many intellectuals like Ferrara and Massari started writing on nationalist and liberal thought, writing from an Italian perspective utilising free press, formed the basis of the national society
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12
Q

What was the Siccardi Laws

A

A concordat made between the state and church in Piedmont but was made without any consultation with the church

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13
Q

Concordat

A

Agreement signed between papacy and the state

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14
Q

Terms in the Siccardi laws

A
  • Abolished separate law courts for priests
  • Abolished rights of criminals to seek shelter in churches
  • Restricted religious groups power to buy property
  • Number of religious feast days which forbade work was reduced
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15
Q

Significance of the siccardi laws

A

Reflected Piedmonts determination to modernise and assert dominance of the state over the church

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16
Q

What was the state of Austria following the 1848 revolutions

A

They were in a state of decline internally especially economically, but still maintained regional military power in Italy as they suppressed most the revolutions with ease.

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17
Q

What were the internal issues in Austria in 1848

A

Emperor Ferdinand had abdicated and there was revolution and disorder in Vienna, new emperor Francis tried to assert economic control over German states controlled by Prussia but this failed miserably

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18
Q

How did Austria still remain powerful over Prussia in the 1850s

A

They demanded the disbanding of a Prussian league in 1850, Prussia was still afraid of the superiority of the Austrian military.

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19
Q

Zollverein

A

Union of northern German states which agreed beneficial economic system, Prussia was the main controlling power

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20
Q

What was the significance of the Zollverein

A

Gave northern German states that opposed Austria gained an economic advantage, subsequent economic decline in Austria

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21
Q

What was the impact of the popes allocution

A

Got rid of any nationalist ideas with the pope at the head of an italian confederation

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22
Q

Why was the popes fleeing of Rome significant

A

Illustrated his lack of temporal power in Rome an dislike by the people due to not reinforcing his supposedly liberal reforms

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23
Q

When did the pope return to Rome

A

1850

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24
Q

Cardinal Antonelli

A

Appointed by Pius in 1848 as Secretary of State he was a conservative who influenced pope Pius

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25
Q

How did the papal state operate after the 1848 revolutions

A

Pope Pius withdrew from political matters to theological ones, leaving Antonelli in charge which made the papal states a reactionary oppressive one that was inherently against constitution

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26
Q

What was evidence of the harsh repressive absolute rule in the Papal States in the 1850s

A
  • Public executions
  • Political prisoners all imprisoned
  • Only ordained men were allowed in office
  • Attempted assassination of Antonelli
  • extreme poverty for the masses in the papal states
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27
Q

How did the pope reinforce temporal power in 1851

A

He stated that temporal power was justified by the teachings of christ

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28
Q

Which states supported popes temporal power in the 1850s

A
  • Duke Leopold in Tuscany
  • Spain
  • Austria
  • Many south American states

Displays the continued powerful influence of the church at the time

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29
Q

How many years after 1849 did the French occupy Rome

A

20

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30
Q

What was the problem with Mazzinian tactics

A

alienated the peasant masses with his ideas, no collective uprising

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31
Q

What organisations did Mazzini form in 1850s in Britain

A

Society of friends of Italy
National Italian committee

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32
Q

What happened in the early 1850s across Italy in that hugely damaged mazzinis reputation

A

Mazziniani uprisings in Sicily, Milan, Palermo which all failed due to lack of organisation

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33
Q

What was Pisacanes revolution and when

A

1857 he was inspired by Mazzini seized a ship and sailed for Sapri, he was defied and killed himself which damaged mazzinis cause of a democracy in nationalism

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34
Q

What signalised the age of Mazzini had come to an end

A
  • Garibaldi distanced himself from Mazzini
  • Manin announced support for Piedmont
  • many mazzinians joined the national society
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35
Q

How did liberalism succeed after 1848 revolutions

A

Piedmont displayed acceptance of a moderate liberalism in how they governed their state, had parliamentary sovereignty, completely different to all other reactionary rulers in Italy

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36
Q

What was the middle way in Piedmont

A

The moderate liberals that represented the Piedmontese parliament, provided alternative to the conservative attitudes however they weren’t nationalist for Italy.

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37
Q

How did moderate liberalism help Italian nationalism

A

It made it slightly more conservative and pragmatic which allowed it to get support of the more conservative leaders in Italy

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38
Q

Carlo Pisacane

A

one of the leaders of the roman republic in the 1848 revolutions, great italian writer and figure of the Risorgimento

39
Q

What was the lower house in Piedmont called

A

chamber of Deputies

40
Q

What was the upper house called in Piedmont

A

Senate

41
Q

Proclamation of Moncalieri 1849

A

Victor Emmanuels threat to dissolve the electorate in Piedmont if the chamber of deputies didn’t change their decision of opposing the Austrian peace treaty

42
Q

What role was Cavour initially given in 1850

A

Minister of agriculture and trade

43
Q

What role was Cavour also given in 1851

A

Minister of finance

44
Q

What trade treaties had Cavour signed by end of 1851

A
  • Belgium
  • Britain
  • Portugal
  • France
45
Q

What did imports and exports increase by in the 1850s under Cavour and why

A

300% due to the beneficial tariffs in his free trade agreements

46
Q

What did the siccardi laws cause in d’Azeglio government

A

division between conservative right led by Balbo opposed it as well as all the church bodies in Piedmont and the pope. d’Azeglio attempted to reduce the free press to appease the further right.

47
Q

Who was the leader of the centre left

A

Ratazzi

48
Q

The connubio when and what

A

Engineered by Cavour in 1852 was a parliamentary agreement with the centre left, they share views of anti-clericalism

49
Q

What were the consequences of the Connubio

A
  • Strengthened power of parliament over the crown by unifying it more
  • Ratazzi was elected president of lower house
  • Cavour resigned
  • crisis developed over a civil marriage bill when the king objected due to papal pressure
50
Q

What was the final most significant consequence of the Connubio

A

d’Azeglio resigned and the king asked Cavour to be prime minister

51
Q

Why was Cavour a good politician

A

He was politically fluid as he was a pragmatist and opportunist as he would lean left or right depending on the most beneficial for that situation

52
Q

What did Cavour call the catholic church

A

Chief cause of misfortunes of Italy

53
Q

Anti-Clericalism

A

Abasing the church

54
Q

What bill did Cavour introduce in 1855

A

Abolition of monasteries not involved in education or charity work, this was achieved with a lot of opposition

55
Q

Why did Cavour have to put aside his own personal political views

A

He was anti-clerical but had to tolerate them to prevent alliances forming against his government and the risk of sacking, he ended the connexion and sacked rattazzi

56
Q

Why was Cavour significant

A

He managed to maintain control over a divided parliament, balancing views of conservative king and radical revolutionaries

57
Q

How did Cavour create political stability in the 1850s

A

He allied short term with Austria warning them of mazziniian uprisings and putting some down in Genoa himself, distancing Piedmont from radical nationalism

58
Q

Where did a lot of Mazzinis criticism comes from

A

Result of the failure of the 1848 revolutions but also in response to mazzinis nationalism being to moderately liberal and not radical enough

59
Q

Examples of Mazzinis criticisms

A
  • Carbonari leader Orsini painted Mazzini as a dictator
  • Garibaldi called mazzini to be abasing republicanism
60
Q

How did Piedmont begin to be the first italian state to industrialise

A

Political freedom allowed for industrial development, building railways, silk and cotton industries

61
Q

How many cotton workers by 1844 In Piedmont

A

114,000

62
Q

Why was piedmonts development a factory system hampered

A

Lack of access to coal

63
Q

Why did Cavour see the importance of railways so much

A

He visited England recognising its important in economic development, saw material and political benefits of developing Piedmontese railways

64
Q

How many km of railway lines by 1861

A

2404

65
Q

What percentage of Italian railways in 1861 were in Piedmont

A

40%

66
Q

How many Francs in 1850s were invested into Piedmontese railways

A

200 million

67
Q

How much did Cavours 1855 anti-clerical bill add to state finances

A

£145,000

68
Q

What are railways facts in 1850s about Piedmont

A
  • 13km track through mount Denis in 1857
  • 1854 section linked Milan,Turin,Genoa,France
  • 850km of railways in Piedmont by the end of 1850s
69
Q

Why did Cavour promote free trade

A

He believed it to be the most beneficial economic policy but also would promote a moderate liberalism

70
Q

Where did Cavour encourage a lot of FDI from

A

French bankers like the Rothschilds

71
Q

How did the electric telegraph improve in 1853

A

Linked Paris and Turin

72
Q

What water development was constructed in 1857

A

Cavour canal

73
Q

Which port did Cavour modernise

A

Genoa

74
Q

What was the main result of all the economic and political modernisations in Piedmont

A

They were the leading power on the italian peninsula and were seen as the ones who could expel the Austrians

75
Q

What was the one problem with cavours economic change

A

725 million lire of debt

76
Q

Terms of the Milan treaty signed in 1849

A
  • Piedmont owed Austria 65 million francs
  • Re affirm congress of Vienna, Austria held power in Italy and control over Lombardy and Venetia
77
Q

When did the Crimean war begin

A

1854

78
Q

What were the two sides of the crimean war

A

France and Britain vs Russia

79
Q

Why did the Crimean war undermine Austrian power

A

They had alliance with Russia so were expected to go to war with them but remained neutral so Russias animosity grew

80
Q

Four points agreement

A

1854 agreement by France Austria Britain which aimed to force Russia to negotiate the crimean war, furthered secured deterioration of Austrian Russian alliance

81
Q

What secret treaty did Austria sign with Britain and franc win 1854

A

Austrian possessions in Italy would be protected for the duration of the crimean war.

82
Q

Why was pressure put on Piedmont to join the crimean war

A

Britain and France were seeking reinforcements

83
Q

Who wanted to enter the war with Crimea

A

Victor Emmanuel was pro war and threatened to appoint a pro war PM

84
Q

Who was reluctant to go to war in Crimea

A

Cavour was more reluctant as he didn’t see Russia as an enemy but Austria

85
Q

When and how did Cavour decide to join the Crimea

A

1855 he decided to join the war by sending 15,000 troops

86
Q

What were the reasons Cavour joined the crimean war

A
  • Wanted to maintain British and French support over them supporting Austria
  • Pressure from British and French ambassadors
  • Nationalist pressure domestically
87
Q

How did the crimean war end

A

Austria threatened to enter the war for the lies so Russia sued for peace

88
Q

Results of the Congress of Paris 1856

A
  • Britain and France didn’t want to upset Austria by talking about the italian question
  • Cavours presence showed Piedmonts growing diplomatic influence
  • French and British now were in debt to Piedmont
  • Austria was now completely isolated diplomatically
89
Q

Who were the French and british ambassadors who pushed piedmonts crimean war involvement

A

James Hudson and Duc de Guiche

90
Q

What was Britain and Frances main aim in the 1850s

A

Maintaining stable relations with Austria, so although discussing the italian question slightly no real conviction was made

91
Q

Piedmontese Isolationsists

A

people who believed Piedmont would suffer as a result of unifying with the weaker italian states

92
Q

What valuable thing for unification or just expelling Austria from north Italy did Cavour recognise and value

A

The need for foreign support which is why he pursued so much foreign policy

93
Q

How was Cavour inadvertently a nationalist

A

He was resolutely anti-austrian influence in northern Italy, this was unification by default

94
Q

What was Cavours most significant impact at the treaty of Paris

A

Made contact with Napoleon III president of France who was personally sympathetic to the italian cause

Italian unification (5 decks)

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