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Italian unification > Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy > Flashcards

Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the major obstacles to unity in 1861

A
  • French and Austrians
  • Papacy
  • Death of Cavour
  • Piedmontisation
  • South
  • Brigands war
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2
Q

How did the French oppose unification

A

French troops still occupied Rome and Napoleon 3rd wouldn’t withdraw as he wanted to protect papal power.

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3
Q

September Convention when and what

A

1864 Napoleon agreed to withdraw French from Rome in return for the switching of the Italian capital from Turin to Florence
—-> Caused rioting in Turin when Minghetti agreed, he was also sacked

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4
Q

How did Austria oppose unification

A

Austria still held Venetia and the great powers supported them as they believed a strong Austria spelled stability in Eastern Europe

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5
Q

Why were France and Austria big problems for unification

A

They weren’t easily surmountable problems because they were so much more powerful than Italy

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6
Q

Why was the church so hostile to the new Italy and didn’t recognise it

A
  • Felt threatened by the claims of nationalists for Rome as the natural italian capital
  • Lost 2/3 of its land in the war of Italian unification
  • Risorgimento had destroyed much of the popes temporal power
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7
Q

Why was the opposition of the papacy a significant obstacle to unification

A

It undermined the legitamacy of the new state and created many divisions among members pop the new state

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8
Q

What did Cavour Propose in 1861 and what did this cause

A

He proposed that Rome come into the new Italy and the papacy would continue to have freedom of action, however the church ignored this and the fractious cohabitation began

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9
Q

Why did the Church feel especially threatened during this time

A

Waning spiritual power and credibility of the church due to scientific advancements and more enlightened self thinking views.
—-> Piedmont in some essence reflected these modernising views

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10
Q

What two examples show modernised views that threatened the church at the time

A
  • 1859 Charles Darwin On the Origin of the Species challenged the church and bibles authority in creation story
  • French theologian Ernest Renan argued that bible shouldn’t be read literally and historically.
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11
Q

What did all the threats to the papacy cause

A

1864 Syllabus of Errors

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12
Q

What was outlined in the popes syllabus of errors

A
  • Rejection of most 19th century philosophy’s like communism, rationalism, liberalism, nationalism
  • Rejection of Darwins scientific advancements
  • Claimed control over all education, science and culture
  • Rejected religious tolerance
  • Asserted temporal papal power
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13
Q

What was the impact of the syllabus of errors

A
  • Angered the new italian state and many catholics who hoped Pius would modernise, pushed them to increase taxes on the church and demand handing over of property
  • Provoked an outburst of anti-clericalism among Italians and other European powers
  • Strengthened spiritual presence and power in the world
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14
Q

Dogma of Papal Infallibility

A

1870 declared that the pope had complete supremacy and that his statements were indisputable

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15
Q

Why did Cavour propose Piedmontisation

A

To solve the problem of how to bring all areas in Italy under the same law and institutions when there were already existing ones in place

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16
Q

What came under piedmontisation

A
  • Laws
  • Taxation system
  • Currency
  • Civili service
  • Constitution
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17
Q

How much of the pop did the statuto allow to vote

A

2.2%

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18
Q

What did Piedmontisation show

A

That unification was more enforced without consent, many Italians felt betrayed by the new Italy

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19
Q

How many decrees of the Neapolitan legal system were changed in two days

A

53

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20
Q

Why was Piedmontisation such a problem in the south

A

Customs were very different in northern and southern Italy and Piedmontese officials had no idea how to govern the south, the south was also much more impoverished and less economically valuable.

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21
Q

What problems did Piedmontisation of the army create

A
  • 7000 garibaldian officers weren’t included into the army
  • 2193 bourbon officers were drafted into the army to deal with southern issues
  • Many bourbon foot soldiers became brigands
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22
Q

Example of extreme difference between north and south

A

North had Cassati law in 1859 which made two years of education compulsory but the south didn’t have this so the north was much more literate

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23
Q

What was Cavours immediate reaction to the south

A

He sent Farini south to crush any remaining resistances in Garibaldi or bourbons

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24
Q

What caused the Brigand war

A

The collapse of bourbon rule leaving a lack of law and order along with piedmontisational taxes and customs caused people to rise up, conscription introduced.

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25
Q

dates of the brigand war

A

1861-65

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26
Q

Problem created by Piedmontisation in the south

A
  • Dissolution of 2000 southern monasteries under new property laws stopped all charitable institution in deprived south
  • Northern jury system was ineffective as it was manipulated by mafias
  • Piedmont had not enough resources or manpower to properly enforce and administer the south
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27
Q

How many people in the south took to the hills to avoid conscription in 1861

A

25,000

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28
Q

Who made up the brigands

A
  • Bourbon soldiers
  • Unemployed
  • Southern men avoiding conscription
  • Convicts
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29
Q

What did the Brigands do

A

They robbed murdered and assassinated

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30
Q

How did Piedmont deal with the brigands

A

deployed 120,000 soldiers in the south

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31
Q

How many brigands were there in 1862

A

82,000

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32
Q

What happened in Palermo in 1866

A

Week long rebellion in which there was street fighting and the murder of many government officials

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33
Q

What was public debt following the wars for independence

A

2,450 million lire

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34
Q

What did income increase by between 1860 and 1866

A

480 million to 600 million

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35
Q

What was the main problem for Piedmont created by the debt

A

They needed to service it whilst maintaining a strong mobile army incase the opportunity of Venetia or Rome arose

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36
Q

What was Piedmonts decision to solve the debt issue

A

Resort to taxes on salt and tobacco but this didn’t work as sales just fell, so they resorted to taxes in essential items like the grist tax

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37
Q

Grist tax and its effect

A

1869 the tax on the milling of corn, caused 250 people to be killed in rioting after the tax

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38
Q

What was Piedmonts other attempt to solve the debt issue

A

sale of land

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39
Q

What land did the state pass an act in 1867 to start selling

A

Church land

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40
Q

How many acres of church land were sold between 1867-76

A

Half a million acres

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41
Q

How did Land sales worsen the north south divide

A

Northern peasants could afford land but southern peasants couldn’t, so it was all bought by the middle class

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42
Q

Why did unification exclude any social change

A

The Piedmontese elite were mostly conservative and didn’t see democracy as necessary for unification

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43
Q

What was infrastructure like in Italy in 1860

A

Extremely poor, especially in the south

44
Q

What did the prospect of a national transport system become for Italy and why

A

A political and economic necessity as it would help to develop trade and break down regional differences by allowing people to move around the country much easier

45
Q

When did railway building become a matter for private companies as the government couldn’t afford it alone

A

1865

46
Q

When was the Mount Denis tunnel railway completed and what did it do

A

1871, linked Italy to France which greatly developed engineering and steel industries in the north

47
Q

Why didn’t railway building have a big impact on Italy

A

They lacked the money to do it very effectively and it was so disproportionate from north to south.

48
Q

Why did Industry struggle so much in Italy

A
  • Distrust of paper money and borrowing was seen as immoral so lack of business startups
  • Only 3 million employed in industry in 1861 and 80% were women and children as men were military or dead from war
  • lack of natural coal resources
49
Q

When did Cavour die

A

1861

50
Q

How many PMs did Italy have in the five years after Cavours death

A

5

51
Q

Why were the PMs so much worse than Garibaldi

A

Lack of the Kings support and lack of parliamentary discipline, many were extremely problematic

52
Q

Why was the political state of the new Italy very problematic

A

It was made up of Piedmontese nobility primarily and was extremely unrepresentative of the majority of the population, the King also maintained far too much power

53
Q

What changes were made to the law and political structure of Italy

A
  • Single criminal law code enacted over all Italy in 1865
  • Unified Italian army under Prussian guidance
  • State controlled education
54
Q

Italian Freedom Society

A

Formed in 1861 had their first meeting in 1862 at which Garibaldi as president urged people to focus on Rome and Venetia

55
Q

What potential schemes were put in place in 1862 by PM Ratazzi

A

Using Garibaldi to whip up unrest in Venetia and possible Garibaldini action in Greece and Serbia to unsettle Russia, but the government in the end didn’t allow this

56
Q

What did Garibaldi do in April 1864

A

He visited England where he was treated like a celebrity and raised publicity of the Venetian issue

57
Q

When was a Garibaldi inspired group led by Nullo arrested on Austrian borders

A

1862

58
Q

What was Victor Emmanuel set on as a means of acquiring Venetia

A

War

59
Q

How did Victor Emmanuel attempt to gain Venetia

A
  • in 1861He sent representatives across Europe to many powers with the intent of gaining support for a war with austria for Venetia but this was unsuccessful
  • He discussed with revolutionaries like Mazzini
60
Q

Who succeeded the Prussian throne in 1861

A

Wilhelm I

61
Q

Who was Prime minister for Prussia

A

Bismarck

62
Q

How did economic disputes occur between Prussia and Austria

A
  • Prussia excluded Austria from a free trade treaty with France
  • Prussia wanted to enforce a free trade zone in Central Europe dominated by them in the Zolleverin, Austria opposed this
  • Prussia won this economic dispute in 1864, then going on to pursue a diplomatic campaign for war with Austria
63
Q

How did Italy negotiate to benefit diplomatically with the major European powers

A
  • 1866 they agreed to support Prussia if war broke out with Austria, in return they’d receive Venetia
  • France signed a secret treaty with Austria that would guarantee them Venetia in return for remaining neutral in the war, Italy would then receive Venetia
64
Q

How did the Austro-Prussian war break out in 1866

A

Disputes over the duchy of Holstein had been present for a while, the Austrian governor of Holstein called a meeting but Prussia saw this as a breach of the Gastein convention so they ordered their troops into Holstein and then declared war

65
Q

What was the size of the italian army for the Austro-Prussian war

A

40,000

66
Q

What happened with the italian army in the war

A

They were very ill prepared so were defeated by the Austrians at the battle of custozza and crushed in naval battles with Austria

67
Q

Despite military defeats how did Italy still gain Venice from the war

A

Prussia crushed Austria in the war causing them to cede Venice to France who gave it to Italy
—-> This was seen as very humiliating for the Italians

68
Q

What was the plebiscite result for Venice in 1866

A

647,000 in favour and 69 against

69
Q

How was the war damaging for Italy

A

Complete military incompetence damaged Italian patriotism and nationalism for their army, also caused a lot more debt in Italy worsening social issues

70
Q

Who was the incompetent Italian general who led the fleet at the battle of Lisa

A

Admiral Persano

71
Q

Why was Rome so important for Italy

A
  • Would help to reduce the popes undermining powers
  • Help include many nationalists
  • Get rid of the last foreign presence in Italy
72
Q

What caused France to keep troops in Rome for so long

A

The presence and expansion of Italy into the duchies

73
Q

What was the result of the September convention in 1864

A
  • By 1866 French troops had departed Rome
  • Italian capital was moved to Florence for 5 years
74
Q

Why did French troops return to Rome in 1867

A

They had to put down an attempt by Garibaldi to take Rome, this was done brutally with new high tech rifles

75
Q

When did Garibaldi first raise a 4000 strong force to take Rome

A

1862

76
Q

How did Garibaldis 1862 attempt for Rome fail

A

He was stopped by the italian government at Aspromonte where his forces were arrested and executed, Garibaldi was pardoned however

77
Q

Why did Garibaldis attempt for Rome in 1867 fail

A

Much of the population of Rome stayed firmly in support of the pope so there was no internal uprising

78
Q

Why were diplomatic relations with Italy damaging for France

A

Growing threat of Prussia meant France needed to seek alliance with Italy and Austria, but alliance with Italy wouldn’t happen whilst French troops occupied Rome, and Austria wouldn’t ally with France unless Italy did as they didn’t want to fight on two fronts

79
Q

How did Bismarck take advantage of Frances diplomatic isolation

A

Declaring war in 1870

80
Q

What was the outcome of the Franco-Prussian war

A

French troops withdrew from Rome to fight the war but French forces were still defeated by Prussia with the final defeat at Sedan where Napoleon was also take prisoner

81
Q

How did Italy capitalise on the Franco-Prussian war

A

PM Lanza gained formal agreements with all major catholic powers to send italian troops into Rome as the only resistance was a small Papal army

82
Q

How did the invasion of Rome play out

A
  • Victor Emmanuel offered a peaceful annexation but Pius refused
  • General Cardona put Rome under siege and began bombing the city
  • Italian forces eventually breached the city and a small battle ensued which Italians won
  • Only 49 italian deaths and 19 papal deaths
  • Plebsicites then followed with 133,000 in favour of annexation
83
Q

When as Rome pronounced the new capital of Italy

A

1871

84
Q

How did relations with the pope play out after annexation of Rome

A
  • Italy offered to let the Pope keep the Leonine city but the Pope refused as he still refused to recognise the new italian state, even until 1929
  • Italy Passed the Law of Guarantees
  • Pius declared himself a prisoner in the Vatican, although only changed was much less power
85
Q

Law of Guarantees 1871

A

Recognised the power of the Pope and gave hum grants of £129000 per year

86
Q

What were the factors promoting unity after 1871

A
  • Monarchy
  • Army
  • Civil Service
  • Local Government
87
Q

How did the monarchy promote national unity

A

Although Victor Emmanuel didn’t maintain much power in 1871 due to the increased power of parliament, he was still a strong symbol for a national unified Italy that ensured stability in the face o may radicals and extremists in Italy

88
Q

How did the Army promote national unity

A
  • Army was kept significantly large for a while in the face of other European powers and promoted a feeling of national unity amongst its recruits
  • The Army was also a guarantee and protector of the new state as it was deployed in the south to deal with all who opposed the new state
89
Q

How did the civil service promote national unity

A

Civil service ran most the elements of the new Italy and was comprised of mainly Piedmontese, The government was very centralised as this would bring about greater national unity, it was free of corruption however

90
Q

How did the Local Government promote national unity

A
  • Country was divided into 69 provinces with a prefect appointed by the central Rome government, Each prefect would have a carabinieri to help maintain control
  • Communes were created which were areas local governments which was ran by elites in that area which looked after all elements of the society, this helped the political system to run smoothly and feel unified
91
Q

What were the Factors that divided Italy by 1871

A
  • Socioeconomic Issues
  • Papal Opposition
  • Irredentism
92
Q

How did Unification worsen the North south divide

A

Industry was much less developed in the south as markets were distant and transport underdeveloped
—> Unification removed tariffs which collapsed remaining southern industries as they couldn’t compete with the north, lead to booms in northern industries like wool and cotton

93
Q

What was the one manufacturing industry in the south

A

Silk but this was still workshop based and not industrial

94
Q

How did Unification bring about higher taxation levels

A

Taxes were implemented to pay for the wars, taxes like grist tax were targeted at peasants as the elite were the ones setting taxes, Tax revenue was mainly used in the north

95
Q

Carbinieri

A

Armed military police force

96
Q

How did Poverty become so bad in unified Italy

A

in 1871 50% of children died before 5. Poverty from taxes lack of land and unemployment caused many southern Italians to emigrate north or to the americas,

97
Q

How many Italians emigrated in 1871

A

120,000

98
Q

Why was the law of Guarantees important

A

It reassured national and much international confidence in the italian state as the catholic church rights were protected which was their interest

99
Q

How did Papal Opposition weaken Italian unification

A

Papal opposition was supported by many devout and people who opposed the new state, papacy created its own court in the Vatican and formed many of its own social organisations to undermine the new Italy

100
Q

What was the largest impact of papal opposition on the new state

A

The church ruled that catholics shoudlnt take part in politics thus catholics were left out of politics for many years, this meant there was no mass party on the right in Italy

101
Q

How was the new state very politically unrepresentative

A

Only 2.2% could not and even then only 60% did vote as republicans and catholics abstained

102
Q

Why was there no political party system

A

Usually just factions forming around political figures which were either right (northern and aristocratic) or left (southern and middle class)

103
Q

Why were Republicans unhappy with the new state and how did they react

A

Republicans still believed that Italy should be a republic and opposed the monarchy, thus they still started uprising

104
Q

Mazzinian Uprising in 1870

A

Barsanti led an attack on an army barracks denouncing the King
—> Failed and was arrested and executed despite petitions for his realease

105
Q

How did Irredentist’s in the north oppose the new state

A

They were unhappy with the new Italy for ignoring states like Trentino and Trieste which were still under Austrian rule

106
Q

How did Imperial Irredentists oppose the new state

A

They called for a new empire and imperial government of all the Mediterranean

107
Q

How did the left Irredentsist oppose new Italy

A

They advocated for Nice and Savoy to be returned to italian control, Crispi advocated for this

Italian unification (5 decks)

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