Challenges To Restored Order Flashcards
Carbonari
Keen on radical action they were anti - French, fighting for constitutions, 60,000 members in Naples
Spillo negro
In the Papal States we’re anti Austrian and anti papacy
What percent of Italy was catholic
90%
Federati
Led by Milanese noblemen mainly Federico Confaloneri, they favoured constitutions but were more moderate, anti Austrian
What happened to the federati between 1821-23
Members were unmasked in bureaucracy and military and were all given death sentences.
What happened in France to spark 1830s revolutions
Revolution in France that led to Charles X abdication and new king Phillipe was more liberal, so Italians had hoped he would support them.
1830s Revolution in Modena and parma
Enrico Misley was betrayed by duke Francis which caused revolutionaries to take over with provisional governments as Francis fled, he then returned with Austrian army and crushed the revolutions
1830s Revolution in the Papal States
A revolt against the oppression of the church establishing a provisional government in Bologna with a fairer legal and finance system, this was crushed by the Austrian army.
Reasons for failure of the 1830s revolutions
- revolutions were local not national
- Austria had great military strength
- lack of communication between states
- there was no help from France
- lack of popular support as revolutionaries were middle class secret societies
- the revolutions were too moderate and didn’t use violence
Risorgimento
Raise awareness of a common cultural identity across Italy, national identity to unify as a nation
Who were the upper class writers on the Risorgimento
Carlo Denina, Vittorio Alfieri
How did Dante inspire nationalism
He wrote about Italy as a nation using an Italian language
What was the politechico from Milan
A journal that raised consciousness of a common culture and language among the educated classes.
Congresso degli scienziata
Held meetings in different areas of Italy whilst using a common Italian language, supported Italian nationalism
What did verdi do
He promoted anti Austrian feeling in his operas by subtlety linking them to the Austrians oppression.
Political apathy among working class
Poor people didn’t care about the political revolutions and constitutions, they only focused on day to day survival.
When was young Italy founded
1831
What was Mazzinis idea for Italy
Believed in radical revolution to achieve full unity of all Italy under a republic
What were the failures for young Italy
- they still lacked popular support as they were made up of middle and upper classes
- 1833 proposed army coupe was uncovered and 12 members were executed.
- Failed uprising in Genoa 1834 by garibaldi
- 1844 bandiera brothers failed uprising in Calabria
What was the view of Balbo
Argued for a federation of Italian states in the north led by the Piedmontese monarchy. He believed the liberation of Italy would come from above and through diplomacy with other nations
Name of Balbos Book published in 1844
The Hopes of Italy
What was the view of d’azeglio
He disliked Revolution realising that Charles Albert was the only one who could achieve unity with popular support and European opinions favour
D’azeglios book
On recent events in romagna 1846
What was the view of gioberti
Moderate approach to Italian liberty with an Italian federation under the pope - neo guelphism
What was giobertis book
The primato 1843
Pope Pius reforms
- 1847 ended press censorship
- freed 2000 political prisoners
- reformed education and law systems
- created elected body of advisers in the consulta
What was the reaction of pius to Austrian occupation of Ferrara in 1847
Pius lodged formal protest against Austria that they infringed on Papal rights.
