Creation of the Kingdom of Italy Flashcards
When and who founded the national society
1857 Manin, La farina, Pallavicino
What was the purpose of the national society
Promote Italian national unity by encouraging nationalists to the side of Piedmont, moderate liberal
Methods of the national society
Moderate methods of Creating propaganda in posters, flyers, pamphlets, newspapers
Why did Cavour favour the national society
Provided a style of nationalism which was moderate liberal and pragmatic, not radical and violent.
Why did the national society mark a turning point in the ideological support of italian unity
It appealed to more radical mazzinians like Manin, but retained respectability and appealed to the educated middle classes, especially in the northern states who saw it as ensuring political stability
What was the national society’s newspaper called
Il Piccolo Corriere d’Italia
How many copies of the national society newspaper were circulated in the 1850s
4000
Why was Napoleon III sympathetic to italian unification
Lived in Rome and was part of 1831 uprisings there, He was a romatic and liberal so had enthusiasm for the italian nationalist cause
What was another more realistic reason for Napoleons help for the italian cause
The prospect of gaining nice so France can assert themselves in northern Italy
How did Napoleon initially become an opponent to italian unification
in 1848 sent the French troops to occupy Rome and central Italy to put down anti-papal uprisings, occupied central Italy to limit amount of power Piedmont could gain
Orsini Plot when
1858
3 bullet points explaining Orsini plot
- Count Orsini led three other Italians in an attempt on napoleons life
- 3 bombs made in London were thrown at Napoleon
- killed 7 and injured 150
What was the intention with the Orsini Plot
Restore a French Republic by killing Napoleon III that would be sympathetic to the creation of an italian republic
What was the significance of Orsini’s trial
He supposedly persuaded Napoleon III to join the italian cause sparking him to have a meeting with Cavour
How did Napoleon and Cavours motives for war with Austria differ
Napoleon wanted to weaken Austria in the wider European scope and gain Nice
Cavour wanted to get rid of Austrian influence in northern Italy
What was the meeting of Napoleon and Cavour about war with Austria and when
1858 the Pact of Plombieres
What was the basic agreement at the pact of plombieres
France would support Piedmont if they could provoke Austria to attack
What did Napoleon III envisage for Italy and why
An italian federation that would ensure the popes temporal power as to not upset catholic domestic opinion and so France could be the new regional power in Italy not Austria
Terms in the Pact of Plombieres
- 200,000 troops provided by France to Italy
- Nice and Savoy would become French controlled
- Rome would remain its own confederation
- Piedmont would rule an upper Italian kingdom
- Central Italy would be controlled by Tuscany
- Marriage of Piedmontese princess Clotilde to Napoleons nephew Jerome
Why did the Pact of Plombieres avoid Naples for now
Napoleon didn’t want to upset Russia as they were an ally of the autocratic Bourbons
What did Cavours satisfaction with the pact of plombieres show
He wasn’t an italian nationalist for the whole of Italy, he was focused on the wealthy northern italian states
Why was the marriage of Prince Jerome so important to Napoleon III
He wanted to ensure dynastic security for the Bonapartes
Why was Napoleon eager to pursue the Italian cause due to domestic reasons
His imperial regime was becoming increasingly unpopular in France so he hoped supporting a romantic liberal italian nationalism and supporting the catholic pope would gain him domestic favour
How many troops were Piedmont required to raise and why was this difficult
100,000 but they only had 60,000 Piedmontese soldiers and 20,000 untrained national society volunteers
What reservations did Cavour hold about war in northern Italy
- Austrian rule in Lombardy wasn’t as repressive as in 1848 so they may not get popular support
- European powers like Britain didn’t want to see war
- Prussia would support Austria
What sparked the Piedmont to pursue the war
European powers called to mediate peacefully between France and Austria
How did Piedmont provoke Austria and cause the war to start
They mobilised on the Lombardy border which meant Austria also mobilised and sent demands for Piedmont to demobilise. Would be costly for Austria to mobilise for long so they needed to act. They declared war in 1859 and General Gyulai invaded
What initially hampered Austrias war effort in 1859
Bad weather delayed their invasion allowing French reinforcements to arrive
Where did the national society engineer peaceful revolutions and place provisional governments
Tuscany, Modena, Parma
What happened in Florence in 1859
Popular demonstration against duke Leopold which caused provisional government to be set up by ricasoli who demanded union with Piedmont
Who replaced the government in Modena and parma and what did he do
Farini who rules essentially as a colony of Piedmont
What happened in Bologna 1859
Insurrections began and Piedmontese officials moved in to restore government
Alpine Hunters
Led by Garibaldi a force of 3000 were highly successful in the war, especially in Como
What was the first serious battle of the war
Magenta
What happened at the battle of magenta and how many casualties at each side
French troops and Austrian troops collided with a French victory. Not a single Piedmontese lost their life
4000 - French
6000 - Austrian
What was the combined casualty rate at solferino
40,000
Who was the outcome of solferino
Allied victory Austrians retreated to the quadrilaterals
Why did both France and Austria seek negotiation following solferino
- Napoleon suffered huge casualties and wasn’t inspired with confidence by his Piedmont allies
- Napoleon feared a prolonged war would involve Prussia without the definite support of Britain
- Austria were dug in at the quadrilaterals with reinforcements
- Austria were faced with revolution in Hungary
- ## Napoleon was unhappy with the Piedmontese control of central Italy and felt the papacy was threatened
What was the meeting in 1859 between France and Austria that excluded Piedmont
Villafranca
What were the agreed terms at Villafranca
- Lombardy would be given to France to save Austrian face of giving it to Italy
- Piedmont was forbidden from the quadrilaterals
- All central italian rulers were to be restored
- Italian federation to be created with the pope to lead
What was the treaty that formally ended the war
treaty of Zurich
What did the meeting in Villafranca cause in piedmonts governments
Cavour resigned
Why did Cavour resign
- France didn’t keep to plombieres as they kept Lombardy and didn’t gain nice and savoy
- Piedmont were excluded from talks
- Piedmont forbidden from controlling central Italy
Who replaced Cavour after his resignation
Alfonso Lamarmora
What was the significance of the pamphlet published in Paris
Written by Napoleon suggested that the pope would lose temporal power but be head of an italian confederation
Was did Lord John Russell propose after Napoleon III letter
The future of Italian peninsula should be self determined
What part of the Villafranca agreement wasn’t enacted
Previous rulers in the central duchies didn’t return as farina and ricasoli remained as rulers
When did Cavour return to government
1860
What idea did Cavour come up with to be able to annex the central duchies
Plebiscites to show that they wanted to be under Piedmontese control as this would appeal to democratic Britain and France
What was the result of the plebiscites in Tuscany and Emilia
Both were overwhelmingly in favour of annexation to Piedmont
What Vital thing did Cavour recognise about the plebiscites
They could be manipulated in his favour using intimidation, corruption, bullying and that could be carried out by the national society so Cavour wouldn’t get the blame
What is Emilia
Modena and Parma
Results of the plebiscites for Tuscany and Emilia
Both hugeley in favour of annexation with Piedmont
Results of the plebiscites for Nice and Savoy
Both win favour of annexation to France, nice voting was done when French army was there
Why did Britain reject France gaining Nice and savoy
Was the start of a new bonapartist empire
Treaty of Turin 1860
Piedmont would give nice and savoy to France whilst France would accept the annexation of the central duchies due to plebiscites and hand over Lombardy to Piedmont
What was Garibaldi’s response to the annexation of nice to France
he formed a group called the thousand in Genoa who planned an invasion, garibaldis was from nice
Why did the thousand suddenly switch their motives to sicily
They heard an insurrection began in sicily in 1860 and Crispi and Pilo persuaded Garibaldi to sail south to help the Sicilians
How did garibaldis time in South America help him later on
- he learnt guerilla warfare
- Made him revolutionary celebrity
Why did Garibaldi and Cavour not get along
Cavour didn’t like the idealism and revolutionary attitude surrounding graibladi, Garibaldi thought Cavour was self important
Why did Cavour not act on garibaldis decision to sail south to sicily
He didn’t want to upset moderate opinion in Piedmont and France by supporting him, but he also didn’t want to upset the nationalists and popular masses who loved Garibaldi by stopping him
Why did Mazzini reject the unification happening in 1860s
He saw it as having no soul as it lacked the radical republican nationalist feeling for a whole united Italy
What were garibaldis first actions in sicily
Increased his army to 3000 and defeated a 20,000 strong bourbon army in Palermo with the help of the local mafia and peasants using guerrilla warfare
What made garibaldis conquest in sicily much easier
- Financial crisis
- Unsure leadership as ferdandn 2nd died in 1859
- The Bourbon government were very unpopular and unstable
What reforms did Garibaldi and Crispi introduce in Sicily as governors
- Abolition of unpopular taxes
- Feudal titles were abolished
- Land redistribution
What was the problem with Garibaldi and Crispis governing in sicily
They were revolutionaries not statesmen so the reforms were enacted very slowly leading to banditry. these had to be suppressed so garbialdis lost peasant support
How did Cavour attempt to stop Garibaldi invading Naples
He attempted to send a force to stop Garibaldi, also attempted to start a pro Piedmontese insurrection in Naples before Garibaldi arrived, tried to ally with the bourbons but all this failed
What was the result of Garibaldis invasion of Naples
He captured the city peacefully welcomed as a demi-god and became ruler there but he still had his eyes set on further invasion towards Rome
Why did Cavour have to stop Garibaldi invading Rome
To preserve peaceful relationships with France
Why did Garibaldi pose a great threat to Rome
The garibaldini was now over 20,000 strong and other Mazzinian supporters were amassing forces on the papal borders
How did Cavour act to prevent Garibaldi invading the Papal States
Piedmontese army led by the king himself invaded the papal states first to deter Garibaldi from invading and preserve the popes autonomy
Battle of volturno and battle of castielfidaro and their signficiance
volturno - garibaldi defeated another bourbon force north of Naples
Castelfidaro - Piedmontese victory
These allowed for the Piedmontese army and Garibaldis forces to meet at Teano
What happened at the meeting at Teano
Garibaldi agreed to hand over the south to Victor Emmanuel as he was a nationalist. but he was refused governance of the south so withdrew to the remote island of carper promising to one day take Rome and Venetia
What was the Piedmontese image painted of Garibaldi
He was in illiberal authoritarian dictator in the south who wanted to rule the south but was defeated by mighty Piedmont
What was the result of all the southern plebiscites
they were all overwhelmingly for annexation to a unified Italy, the voting in the south was basically all in favour of ridding the Bourbon rule
What was threatened following the unification in the south of Italy
There was threat of Austrian and French invasion In northern Italy but this didn’t appear
How did Austria react to new Italy
They strengthened their forces in Venetia
How did Russia react to new Italy
They cut all ties with Italy as they had deposed the Russian supported bourbons
What was the defining factor which secured Italys sovereignty as a unifies state in 1860
Russell issued a statement advocating for Britains support of the newly unified Italy as it was a result of self determination and popular opinion in Italy, warned against any attack on Italy would be opposed by the british but this but want sent out
How did France react to new Italy
Raised concerns that the papacy was under threat of invasion by revolutionary Italy
What were the main features of the new italian state
- Victor Emmanuel became first king of Italy
- Imposed a constitutional monarchy based on the statuto
- Piedmontese economic system was imposed
