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Italian unification > Creation of the Kingdom of Italy > Flashcards

Creation of the Kingdom of Italy Flashcards

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Italian Verbs flashcards
1
Q

When and who founded the national society

A

1857 Manin, La farina, Pallavicino

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2
Q

What was the purpose of the national society

A

Promote Italian national unity by encouraging nationalists to the side of Piedmont, moderate liberal

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3
Q

Methods of the national society

A

Moderate methods of Creating propaganda in posters, flyers, pamphlets, newspapers

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4
Q

Why did Cavour favour the national society

A

Provided a style of nationalism which was moderate liberal and pragmatic, not radical and violent.

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5
Q

Why did the national society mark a turning point in the ideological support of italian unity

A

It appealed to more radical mazzinians like Manin, but retained respectability and appealed to the educated middle classes, especially in the northern states who saw it as ensuring political stability

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6
Q

What was the national society’s newspaper called

A

Il Piccolo Corriere d’Italia

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7
Q

How many copies of the national society newspaper were circulated in the 1850s

A

4000

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8
Q

Why was Napoleon III sympathetic to italian unification

A

Lived in Rome and was part of 1831 uprisings there, He was a romatic and liberal so had enthusiasm for the italian nationalist cause

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9
Q

What was another more realistic reason for Napoleons help for the italian cause

A

The prospect of gaining nice so France can assert themselves in northern Italy

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10
Q

How did Napoleon initially become an opponent to italian unification

A

in 1848 sent the French troops to occupy Rome and central Italy to put down anti-papal uprisings, occupied central Italy to limit amount of power Piedmont could gain

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11
Q

Orsini Plot when

A

1858

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12
Q

3 bullet points explaining Orsini plot

A
  • Count Orsini led three other Italians in an attempt on napoleons life
  • 3 bombs made in London were thrown at Napoleon
  • killed 7 and injured 150
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13
Q

What was the intention with the Orsini Plot

A

Restore a French Republic by killing Napoleon III that would be sympathetic to the creation of an italian republic

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14
Q

What was the significance of Orsini’s trial

A

He supposedly persuaded Napoleon III to join the italian cause sparking him to have a meeting with Cavour

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15
Q

How did Napoleon and Cavours motives for war with Austria differ

A

Napoleon wanted to weaken Austria in the wider European scope and gain Nice

Cavour wanted to get rid of Austrian influence in northern Italy

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16
Q

What was the meeting of Napoleon and Cavour about war with Austria and when

A

1858 the Pact of Plombieres

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17
Q

What was the basic agreement at the pact of plombieres

A

France would support Piedmont if they could provoke Austria to attack

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18
Q

What did Napoleon III envisage for Italy and why

A

An italian federation that would ensure the popes temporal power as to not upset catholic domestic opinion and so France could be the new regional power in Italy not Austria

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19
Q

Terms in the Pact of Plombieres

A
  • 200,000 troops provided by France to Italy
  • Nice and Savoy would become French controlled
  • Rome would remain its own confederation
  • Piedmont would rule an upper Italian kingdom
  • Central Italy would be controlled by Tuscany
  • Marriage of Piedmontese princess Clotilde to Napoleons nephew Jerome
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20
Q

Why did the Pact of Plombieres avoid Naples for now

A

Napoleon didn’t want to upset Russia as they were an ally of the autocratic Bourbons

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21
Q

What did Cavours satisfaction with the pact of plombieres show

A

He wasn’t an italian nationalist for the whole of Italy, he was focused on the wealthy northern italian states

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22
Q

Why was the marriage of Prince Jerome so important to Napoleon III

A

He wanted to ensure dynastic security for the Bonapartes

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23
Q

Why was Napoleon eager to pursue the Italian cause due to domestic reasons

A

His imperial regime was becoming increasingly unpopular in France so he hoped supporting a romantic liberal italian nationalism and supporting the catholic pope would gain him domestic favour

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24
Q

How many troops were Piedmont required to raise and why was this difficult

A

100,000 but they only had 60,000 Piedmontese soldiers and 20,000 untrained national society volunteers

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25
Q

What reservations did Cavour hold about war in northern Italy

A
  • Austrian rule in Lombardy wasn’t as repressive as in 1848 so they may not get popular support
  • European powers like Britain didn’t want to see war
  • Prussia would support Austria
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26
Q

What sparked the Piedmont to pursue the war

A

European powers called to mediate peacefully between France and Austria

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27
Q

How did Piedmont provoke Austria and cause the war to start

A

They mobilised on the Lombardy border which meant Austria also mobilised and sent demands for Piedmont to demobilise. Would be costly for Austria to mobilise for long so they needed to act. They declared war in 1859 and General Gyulai invaded

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28
Q

What initially hampered Austrias war effort in 1859

A

Bad weather delayed their invasion allowing French reinforcements to arrive

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29
Q

Where did the national society engineer peaceful revolutions and place provisional governments

A

Tuscany, Modena, Parma

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30
Q

What happened in Florence in 1859

A

Popular demonstration against duke Leopold which caused provisional government to be set up by ricasoli who demanded union with Piedmont

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31
Q

Who replaced the government in Modena and parma and what did he do

A

Farini who rules essentially as a colony of Piedmont

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32
Q

What happened in Bologna 1859

A

Insurrections began and Piedmontese officials moved in to restore government

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33
Q

Alpine Hunters

A

Led by Garibaldi a force of 3000 were highly successful in the war, especially in Como

34
Q

What was the first serious battle of the war

A

Magenta

35
Q

What happened at the battle of magenta and how many casualties at each side

A

French troops and Austrian troops collided with a French victory. Not a single Piedmontese lost their life

4000 - French
6000 - Austrian

36
Q

What was the combined casualty rate at solferino

A

40,000

37
Q

Who was the outcome of solferino

A

Allied victory Austrians retreated to the quadrilaterals

38
Q

Why did both France and Austria seek negotiation following solferino

A
  • Napoleon suffered huge casualties and wasn’t inspired with confidence by his Piedmont allies
  • Napoleon feared a prolonged war would involve Prussia without the definite support of Britain
  • Austria were dug in at the quadrilaterals with reinforcements
  • Austria were faced with revolution in Hungary
  • ## Napoleon was unhappy with the Piedmontese control of central Italy and felt the papacy was threatened
39
Q

What was the meeting in 1859 between France and Austria that excluded Piedmont

A

Villafranca

40
Q

What were the agreed terms at Villafranca

A
  • Lombardy would be given to France to save Austrian face of giving it to Italy
  • Piedmont was forbidden from the quadrilaterals
  • All central italian rulers were to be restored
  • Italian federation to be created with the pope to lead
41
Q

What was the treaty that formally ended the war

A

treaty of Zurich

42
Q

What did the meeting in Villafranca cause in piedmonts governments

A

Cavour resigned

43
Q

Why did Cavour resign

A
  • France didn’t keep to plombieres as they kept Lombardy and didn’t gain nice and savoy
  • Piedmont were excluded from talks
  • Piedmont forbidden from controlling central Italy
44
Q

Who replaced Cavour after his resignation

A

Alfonso Lamarmora

45
Q

What was the significance of the pamphlet published in Paris

A

Written by Napoleon suggested that the pope would lose temporal power but be head of an italian confederation

46
Q

Was did Lord John Russell propose after Napoleon III letter

A

The future of Italian peninsula should be self determined

47
Q

What part of the Villafranca agreement wasn’t enacted

A

Previous rulers in the central duchies didn’t return as farina and ricasoli remained as rulers

48
Q

When did Cavour return to government

A

1860

49
Q

What idea did Cavour come up with to be able to annex the central duchies

A

Plebiscites to show that they wanted to be under Piedmontese control as this would appeal to democratic Britain and France

50
Q

What was the result of the plebiscites in Tuscany and Emilia

A

Both were overwhelmingly in favour of annexation to Piedmont

51
Q

What Vital thing did Cavour recognise about the plebiscites

A

They could be manipulated in his favour using intimidation, corruption, bullying and that could be carried out by the national society so Cavour wouldn’t get the blame

52
Q

What is Emilia

A

Modena and Parma

53
Q

Results of the plebiscites for Tuscany and Emilia

A

Both hugeley in favour of annexation with Piedmont

54
Q

Results of the plebiscites for Nice and Savoy

A

Both win favour of annexation to France, nice voting was done when French army was there

55
Q

Why did Britain reject France gaining Nice and savoy

A

Was the start of a new bonapartist empire

56
Q

Treaty of Turin 1860

A

Piedmont would give nice and savoy to France whilst France would accept the annexation of the central duchies due to plebiscites and hand over Lombardy to Piedmont

57
Q

What was Garibaldi’s response to the annexation of nice to France

A

he formed a group called the thousand in Genoa who planned an invasion, garibaldis was from nice

58
Q

Why did the thousand suddenly switch their motives to sicily

A

They heard an insurrection began in sicily in 1860 and Crispi and Pilo persuaded Garibaldi to sail south to help the Sicilians

59
Q

How did garibaldis time in South America help him later on

A
  • he learnt guerilla warfare
  • Made him revolutionary celebrity
60
Q

Why did Garibaldi and Cavour not get along

A

Cavour didn’t like the idealism and revolutionary attitude surrounding graibladi, Garibaldi thought Cavour was self important

61
Q

Why did Cavour not act on garibaldis decision to sail south to sicily

A

He didn’t want to upset moderate opinion in Piedmont and France by supporting him, but he also didn’t want to upset the nationalists and popular masses who loved Garibaldi by stopping him

62
Q

Why did Mazzini reject the unification happening in 1860s

A

He saw it as having no soul as it lacked the radical republican nationalist feeling for a whole united Italy

63
Q

What were garibaldis first actions in sicily

A

Increased his army to 3000 and defeated a 20,000 strong bourbon army in Palermo with the help of the local mafia and peasants using guerrilla warfare

64
Q

What made garibaldis conquest in sicily much easier

A
  • Financial crisis
  • Unsure leadership as ferdandn 2nd died in 1859
  • The Bourbon government were very unpopular and unstable
65
Q

What reforms did Garibaldi and Crispi introduce in Sicily as governors

A
  • Abolition of unpopular taxes
  • Feudal titles were abolished
  • Land redistribution
66
Q

What was the problem with Garibaldi and Crispis governing in sicily

A

They were revolutionaries not statesmen so the reforms were enacted very slowly leading to banditry. these had to be suppressed so garbialdis lost peasant support

67
Q

How did Cavour attempt to stop Garibaldi invading Naples

A

He attempted to send a force to stop Garibaldi, also attempted to start a pro Piedmontese insurrection in Naples before Garibaldi arrived, tried to ally with the bourbons but all this failed

68
Q

What was the result of Garibaldis invasion of Naples

A

He captured the city peacefully welcomed as a demi-god and became ruler there but he still had his eyes set on further invasion towards Rome

69
Q

Why did Cavour have to stop Garibaldi invading Rome

A

To preserve peaceful relationships with France

70
Q

Why did Garibaldi pose a great threat to Rome

A

The garibaldini was now over 20,000 strong and other Mazzinian supporters were amassing forces on the papal borders

71
Q

How did Cavour act to prevent Garibaldi invading the Papal States

A

Piedmontese army led by the king himself invaded the papal states first to deter Garibaldi from invading and preserve the popes autonomy

72
Q

Battle of volturno and battle of castielfidaro and their signficiance

A

volturno - garibaldi defeated another bourbon force north of Naples
Castelfidaro - Piedmontese victory

These allowed for the Piedmontese army and Garibaldis forces to meet at Teano

73
Q

What happened at the meeting at Teano

A

Garibaldi agreed to hand over the south to Victor Emmanuel as he was a nationalist. but he was refused governance of the south so withdrew to the remote island of carper promising to one day take Rome and Venetia

74
Q

What was the Piedmontese image painted of Garibaldi

A

He was in illiberal authoritarian dictator in the south who wanted to rule the south but was defeated by mighty Piedmont

75
Q

What was the result of all the southern plebiscites

A

they were all overwhelmingly for annexation to a unified Italy, the voting in the south was basically all in favour of ridding the Bourbon rule

76
Q

What was threatened following the unification in the south of Italy

A

There was threat of Austrian and French invasion In northern Italy but this didn’t appear

77
Q

How did Austria react to new Italy

A

They strengthened their forces in Venetia

78
Q

How did Russia react to new Italy

A

They cut all ties with Italy as they had deposed the Russian supported bourbons

79
Q

What was the defining factor which secured Italys sovereignty as a unifies state in 1860

A

Russell issued a statement advocating for Britains support of the newly unified Italy as it was a result of self determination and popular opinion in Italy, warned against any attack on Italy would be opposed by the british but this but want sent out

80
Q

How did France react to new Italy

A

Raised concerns that the papacy was under threat of invasion by revolutionary Italy

81
Q

What were the main features of the new italian state

A
  • Victor Emmanuel became first king of Italy
  • Imposed a constitutional monarchy based on the statuto
  • Piedmontese economic system was imposed

Italian unification (5 decks)

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