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22/23 learning > The Rise of Islam and the Muslim World > Flashcards

The Rise of Islam and the Muslim World Flashcards

1
Q

oasis

A

place in desert with water

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2
Q

irrigation

A

artificially watering plants

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3
Q

bedouins

A

● Indigenous to Arabian Peninsula
● Nomadic herders (travel around place to place)

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4
Q

kaabah - islamic significance, economic significance, and pagan significance

A

the holiest site in islam. it was a thriving trade/pilgrimage center. b4 islam the kafiruun had idols inside

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5
Q

Muhammad (PBUH) desc, bday, career, and 1st wife

A

the last and best prophet of islam he was born to bani hashem april 22, 571 CE
* Shepherd in youth, later successful merchant w/ caravans
● Married Khadija @ 25,

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6
Q

Mecca

A

Mecca
● Market/trade center
● @ crossroads of main caravan routes

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7
Q

1st holiest city

A

Mecca

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8
Q

2nd holiest city

A

Medina

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9
Q

3rd holiest

A

Jerusalem

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10
Q

Jibreel/Gabriel

A

liaison between Allah and Muhammad PBUH. he reveals Quran verses to him

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11
Q

Muhammad PBUH’s revelation

A

In Cave of Hira in Ramadan, angel Jibreel came and squeezed Muhammad so
hard he could barely breathe and said “Read!”. Muhammad (PBUH) replied “Idk how to read” (he was illiterate). This happened like two or three more times until Jibreel revealed the first five verses of Surat al-Alaq (Chapter 96)

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12
Q

Muhammad PBUH is:

who’s messenger
what city’s ruler
role model to who and w what?
what did Islam do to arabs

A

allah’s messenger and medina’s ruler. #1 role model to muslims with hadiths and sunnah. the islam he spread united Arabs and put everyone on an equal pedestal under allah regardless of status.

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12
Q

Muhammad PBUH’s role as a prophet, what did islam do to the arabs

A

allah’s messenger and medina’s ruler. #1 role model to muslims with hadiths and sunnah. the islam he spread united Arabs and put everyone on an equal pedestal under allah regardless of status.

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13
Q

hijra cause and impact

A

622: Muslims threatened w/ murder, moved to Yathrib under invitation. this became the first year of the islamic calendar. there, thousands reverted to islam and makkans were defeated in battle

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14
Q

Medina مدينه

A

Yathrib’s new name. it means city in arabic, symbolizing how medina is THE city, an example of how a city should be

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15
Q

another name of medina

A

مدينه النبي Medina-tunnabi

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16
Q

Idols… who worshipped them, what did they represent, when were they destroyed, and significance

A
  • were worshipped by the kafiruun before islam. they represented gods and goddesses using animism. the ones in the kaabah were destroyed by muhammad after mecca was conquered in 630. they were super important to the trade and tourism industry in mecca
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17
Q

monotheism

A

the belief in one god.

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18
Q

which 3 religions believe in monotheism

A

Islam, Christianity, Judaism

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19
Q

animism definition

A

believing there’s a soul in everything including plants/inanimate objects

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20
Q

the quran def

A

unchanged book of islam, allah promised to preserve it

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21
Q

teachings of quran

A

○ We are responsible for our own actions, not like christianity where youll go to heaven by default
○ Judgement Day: Will stand b4 Allah, receive our book of deeds, and either go to Jannah or Jahannam
○ No priests acting as a liaison between us and God

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22
Q

five pillars of islam

A

Shahaadah: Declaration of faith. “I bear witness that there is no god but Allah and Muhammad
is His messenger.”

Salah: Daily prayer. Must first purify with wuduu (ritual washing) and face the Qiblah (direction
of Kaabah) to pray

Zakat: Annual charity to poor. If you meet the Zakaat conditions you must donate 2.5% of your
extra wealth to the poor

Sawm ul-Ramadan: Fasting in Ramadan - Fajr to Maghrib time for 30 days

Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca. All Muslims who are physically and financially able should do it at
least once in their lives.

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23
Q

jihad

A

Jihad: Struggle in God’s service. There are 3 types
1.) Fighting against visible enemies of Islam (islamophobes)
2.) Fighting against Satan’s temptations
3.) Fighting against worldly lust

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24
Q

who are the people of the book

A

jews, christians, zoroastrians.

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25
Q

people of the book in arabic

A

اهل الكتاب

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26
Q

why are the ahl ul kitab superior to polytheists

A

bc they believe in one god

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27
Q

what religious freedoms did ahl ul kitab get

A
  • Jizya taxes were much lower
    ○ Children didn’t have to be forced into military
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28
Q

Sharia def

A

Islamic system of law. quran basis for all legal situations

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29
Q

what does sharia do

A

Regulate moral conduct, family life, business practices, gov, and other Islamic affairs
○ Served to unite and create common culture in Muslim world

30
Q

abu bakr

A

first male convert and 1st of 4 khulafaa2 ar-rashidun, successor of Muhammad PBUH.

initiated expansion of Islam to Syria and Iraq and looked @ religion to move on

31
Q

caliph

A

islamic rulers, not religious leaders. voted for in bai’ah (pledge of obedience)

32
Q

Cordoba

capital of what

what center of learning, who was employeed

who translated what to what

*** knowledgeable place in Europe during the Dark Ages

A

capital of muslim spain.

second center of learning. rulers employed Jews and Christians to study science and philosophy of Greeks and Romans.

Jews translated Arabic works to Latin
Flourish bc of trade, knowledge

most knowledgeable place in Europe during the Dark Ages

32
Q

.

A

.

33
Q

The Alhambra

A

الحمراء

34
Q

Alhambra def

features

what does it mark for Muslims in spain

what did it have

A

Fortified palace in Granada

Lovely gardens, reflecting pools and finely decorated marble columns

Marks a high point of Muslims in Spain

Pointed arches, maybe flying buttresses

Geometric/natrure forms, stylized writing (calligraphy) for art

35
Q

Sunni beliefs regarding caliph

A

Felt that caliph should be chosen by leaders of Muslims in hall of banu sa’idah

Viewed caliph simply as religious leader not religious authority

36
Q

Shiites

A

Believed that true successors were descendants of Muhammad PBUH: Fatima (daughter) and Ali (cousin)

Shiites died in battle against Sunni, admired martyrdom

Descendants of Prophet PBUH were divinely inspired

37
Q

90% of muslims are…

A

sunni

38
Q

where do shiites live

A

Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen

39
Q

how many sects in islam

A

73

40
Q

Sufi def and action

A

Muslim mystics

Meditate, fast, and do other rituals

Respected for piety and miraculous powers

Helped spread Islam like Christian monks/nuns

In remote villages, blending local traditions and beliefs to Muslim culture

41
Q

Wahabi

A

conservative islam

42
Q

ISIS/Taliban

A

political, extremists of Islam. they are un-Islamic

43
Q

Umayyad Family 661-750

who started it and what kind of army did he build and where

A

Dynasty started with Mu’awiyah, Muslim general in Syria who built army strong enough to defeat Byzantines

44
Q

umayyad: location of capital, capital’s importance/contribution, what elements incorporated into gov, what expanded the arab empire, and what flowed

A

Set capital in Damascus in Syria, most important city and responsible 4 expansion.

Byzantine and Persian elements get incorporated into gov.

Victories expanded Arab empire

wealth flowed

45
Q

who did umayyads rely on to rule and their impact

A

local officials (jews, greeks, persians). As a result Byzantine and Persian traditions influenced Arab rulers

46
Q

problems of umayyads

transition
tension
court
hate
arabs

A

Adapt to transition from desert life to ruling large cities and territories

tension between economic classes - lower class resenting upper class

Court system becomes corrupt because they abandoned Islamic values

Shiites hated Umayyads for assassinating Ali, causing rebellions

Unrest among non-Arab converts bc they had fewer rights than Arabs

47
Q

abbasid ethnicity, established what dominance, reached its what, what flourished, what was official language, what was built ground up, and what was maintained from persians

A

More Persian than Arab, strong persian influence

Ended Arab dominance, making Islam truly universal

Empire reached its greatest wealth and power, Muslims in golden age, trade flourishes

Arabic stays official language

baghdad built from ground up

trade routes maintained from persians

48
Q

largest accumulation of knowledge

A

Library of Alexandria

49
Q

how was abbassids founded in 750

A

750 Abu al-Abbas defeated Umayyads in Damascus Syria. then one of his generals invited them to a banquet and killed them all

50
Q

who established baghdad as capital

A

caliph al-mansur

51
Q

baghdad location, military quality, rivers, and size comparison to contantinople

A

its in present day Iraq

excellent military camp
tigris river connects 2 china
baghdad bigger than constantinople in size and wealth

52
Q

center of islamic world and knowledge where

A

baghdad

53
Q

what subjects did baghdad feature

A

literature, philosophy, entertainment

54
Q

where was house of wisdom

A

baghdad

55
Q

what was the house of wisdom? and how would texts be brought back? who was employed there

A

a grand library. when a region would be conquered, text is taken and brought back to translate, and ppl were sent out to bring text/knowledge back to Baghdad (india, China, etc).

educated scholars employed

56
Q

who would flock to the abbasid courts

A

Poets, scholars, philosophers, entertainers

57
Q

who sold goods in baghdad and to where

A

Merchants sold goods from Africa, Asia, and Europe

58
Q

when was the abbasid peak

A

under reign of caliph Harun al-Rashid (ruling 786-809)

59
Q

whos harun al rashid? what was he a symbol of, and what was he known for

A

Model ruler both Europe and Muslim world
Symbol of wealth and splendor
Wealthy, generous, loves learning

60
Q

house of wisdom arabic

A

بيت الحكمه (bayt al-hikmah)

61
Q

who founded bayt al-hikmah and architecture of arts

A

Harun al-Rashid

62
Q

harun al-rashid’s

relation w/ other Frankish rulers
what did he send Charlemagne
hoped who would join him in alliance against Umayyads
funded what 2 things
founded what?

A

Created closer ties w/ other Frankish rulers
Sent Charlemagne several gifts
Hoped franks would join him in alliance against rival Umayyad in Spain
Funded architecture and arts
founded house of wisdom

63
Q

who gathered to harun al rashid’s court in baghdad

A

Poets, physicians, philosophers gather @ his court in Baghdad

64
Q

damascus capital of what and what its responsible for

A

umayyad capital in syria. most important city thats responsible for its expansion

65
Q

Seljuk Turks are invaders from where

A

invaders from Turkistan like Huns

66
Q

what did seljuk turks…

adopt what
build empire across what
invaded into where
threatened who
started what wars

A

Migrated and adopted Islam
Built empire across Fertile Crescent
Invaded into Asia Minor (geographic region), threatening Byzantines
gave christians an excuse to start crusades for attacking christian pilgrims

67
Q

Pope Urban II

A

….was asked for help from Byzantine Emperor Alexius I to help fight off the Turks

united christian knights to fight against turks

68
Q

1095, Council of Clermont. what did urban do and how

A

Urban unites bishops and nobles unite to “free” the Holy Land with a misinformative and exaggerated speech abt muslims

69
Q

Holy Land = ? and why

A

Palestine, esp Jerusalem
b/c Associated with Jesus and his life

70
Q

why did the muslims lose to the crusaders

A

because Islamic empire was divided, not bc christians more powerful

71
Q

1216 - genghiz khan

came from where and captured and burned what

A

Led Mongols out of Central Asia across Persia and Mesopotamia

ruthless

On horse, capture Bagdad and burned down House of Wisdom

72
Q

place in desert with water

A

oasis

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