The Rise of Islam and the Muslim World Flashcards
oasis
place in desert with water
irrigation
artificially watering plants
bedouins
● Indigenous to Arabian Peninsula
● Nomadic herders (travel around place to place)
kaabah - islamic significance, economic significance, and pagan significance
the holiest site in islam. it was a thriving trade/pilgrimage center. b4 islam the kafiruun had idols inside
Muhammad (PBUH) desc, bday, career, and 1st wife
the last and best prophet of islam he was born to bani hashem april 22, 571 CE
* Shepherd in youth, later successful merchant w/ caravans
● Married Khadija @ 25,
Mecca
Mecca
● Market/trade center
● @ crossroads of main caravan routes
1st holiest city
Mecca
2nd holiest city
Medina
3rd holiest
Jerusalem
Jibreel/Gabriel
liaison between Allah and Muhammad PBUH. he reveals Quran verses to him
Muhammad PBUH’s revelation
In Cave of Hira in Ramadan, angel Jibreel came and squeezed Muhammad so
hard he could barely breathe and said “Read!”. Muhammad (PBUH) replied “Idk how to read” (he was illiterate). This happened like two or three more times until Jibreel revealed the first five verses of Surat al-Alaq (Chapter 96)
Muhammad PBUH is:
who’s messenger
what city’s ruler
role model to who and w what?
what did Islam do to arabs
allah’s messenger and medina’s ruler. #1 role model to muslims with hadiths and sunnah. the islam he spread united Arabs and put everyone on an equal pedestal under allah regardless of status.
Muhammad PBUH’s role as a prophet, what did islam do to the arabs
allah’s messenger and medina’s ruler. #1 role model to muslims with hadiths and sunnah. the islam he spread united Arabs and put everyone on an equal pedestal under allah regardless of status.
hijra cause and impact
622: Muslims threatened w/ murder, moved to Yathrib under invitation. this became the first year of the islamic calendar. there, thousands reverted to islam and makkans were defeated in battle
Medina مدينه
Yathrib’s new name. it means city in arabic, symbolizing how medina is THE city, an example of how a city should be
another name of medina
مدينه النبي Medina-tunnabi
Idols… who worshipped them, what did they represent, when were they destroyed, and significance
- were worshipped by the kafiruun before islam. they represented gods and goddesses using animism. the ones in the kaabah were destroyed by muhammad after mecca was conquered in 630. they were super important to the trade and tourism industry in mecca
monotheism
the belief in one god.
which 3 religions believe in monotheism
Islam, Christianity, Judaism
animism definition
believing there’s a soul in everything including plants/inanimate objects
the quran def
unchanged book of islam, allah promised to preserve it
teachings of quran
○ We are responsible for our own actions, not like christianity where youll go to heaven by default
○ Judgement Day: Will stand b4 Allah, receive our book of deeds, and either go to Jannah or Jahannam
○ No priests acting as a liaison between us and God
five pillars of islam
Shahaadah: Declaration of faith. “I bear witness that there is no god but Allah and Muhammad
is His messenger.”
Salah: Daily prayer. Must first purify with wuduu (ritual washing) and face the Qiblah (direction
of Kaabah) to pray
Zakat: Annual charity to poor. If you meet the Zakaat conditions you must donate 2.5% of your
extra wealth to the poor
Sawm ul-Ramadan: Fasting in Ramadan - Fajr to Maghrib time for 30 days
Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca. All Muslims who are physically and financially able should do it at
least once in their lives.
jihad
Jihad: Struggle in God’s service. There are 3 types
1.) Fighting against visible enemies of Islam (islamophobes)
2.) Fighting against Satan’s temptations
3.) Fighting against worldly lust
who are the people of the book
jews, christians, zoroastrians.
people of the book in arabic
اهل الكتاب
why are the ahl ul kitab superior to polytheists
bc they believe in one god
what religious freedoms did ahl ul kitab get
- Jizya taxes were much lower
○ Children didn’t have to be forced into military
Sharia def
Islamic system of law. quran basis for all legal situations
what does sharia do
Regulate moral conduct, family life, business practices, gov, and other Islamic affairs
○ Served to unite and create common culture in Muslim world
abu bakr
first male convert and 1st of 4 khulafaa2 ar-rashidun, successor of Muhammad PBUH.
initiated expansion of Islam to Syria and Iraq and looked @ religion to move on
caliph
islamic rulers, not religious leaders. voted for in bai’ah (pledge of obedience)
Cordoba
capital of what
what center of learning, who was employeed
who translated what to what
*** knowledgeable place in Europe during the Dark Ages
capital of muslim spain.
second center of learning. rulers employed Jews and Christians to study science and philosophy of Greeks and Romans.
Jews translated Arabic works to Latin
Flourish bc of trade, knowledge
most knowledgeable place in Europe during the Dark Ages
.
.
The Alhambra
الحمراء
Alhambra def
features
what does it mark for Muslims in spain
what did it have
Fortified palace in Granada
Lovely gardens, reflecting pools and finely decorated marble columns
Marks a high point of Muslims in Spain
Pointed arches, maybe flying buttresses
Geometric/natrure forms, stylized writing (calligraphy) for art
Sunni beliefs regarding caliph
Felt that caliph should be chosen by leaders of Muslims in hall of banu sa’idah
Viewed caliph simply as religious leader not religious authority
Shiites
Believed that true successors were descendants of Muhammad PBUH: Fatima (daughter) and Ali (cousin)
Shiites died in battle against Sunni, admired martyrdom
Descendants of Prophet PBUH were divinely inspired
90% of muslims are…
sunni
where do shiites live
Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen
how many sects in islam
73
Sufi def and action
Muslim mystics
Meditate, fast, and do other rituals
Respected for piety and miraculous powers
Helped spread Islam like Christian monks/nuns
In remote villages, blending local traditions and beliefs to Muslim culture
Wahabi
conservative islam
ISIS/Taliban
political, extremists of Islam. they are un-Islamic
Umayyad Family 661-750
who started it and what kind of army did he build and where
Dynasty started with Mu’awiyah, Muslim general in Syria who built army strong enough to defeat Byzantines
umayyad: location of capital, capital’s importance/contribution, what elements incorporated into gov, what expanded the arab empire, and what flowed
Set capital in Damascus in Syria, most important city and responsible 4 expansion.
Byzantine and Persian elements get incorporated into gov.
Victories expanded Arab empire
wealth flowed
who did umayyads rely on to rule and their impact
local officials (jews, greeks, persians). As a result Byzantine and Persian traditions influenced Arab rulers
problems of umayyads
transition
tension
court
hate
arabs
Adapt to transition from desert life to ruling large cities and territories
tension between economic classes - lower class resenting upper class
Court system becomes corrupt because they abandoned Islamic values
Shiites hated Umayyads for assassinating Ali, causing rebellions
Unrest among non-Arab converts bc they had fewer rights than Arabs
abbasid ethnicity, established what dominance, reached its what, what flourished, what was official language, what was built ground up, and what was maintained from persians
More Persian than Arab, strong persian influence
Ended Arab dominance, making Islam truly universal
Empire reached its greatest wealth and power, Muslims in golden age, trade flourishes
Arabic stays official language
baghdad built from ground up
trade routes maintained from persians
largest accumulation of knowledge
Library of Alexandria
how was abbassids founded in 750
750 Abu al-Abbas defeated Umayyads in Damascus Syria. then one of his generals invited them to a banquet and killed them all
who established baghdad as capital
caliph al-mansur
baghdad location, military quality, rivers, and size comparison to contantinople
its in present day Iraq
excellent military camp
tigris river connects 2 china
baghdad bigger than constantinople in size and wealth
center of islamic world and knowledge where
baghdad
what subjects did baghdad feature
literature, philosophy, entertainment
where was house of wisdom
baghdad
what was the house of wisdom? and how would texts be brought back? who was employed there
a grand library. when a region would be conquered, text is taken and brought back to translate, and ppl were sent out to bring text/knowledge back to Baghdad (india, China, etc).
educated scholars employed
who would flock to the abbasid courts
Poets, scholars, philosophers, entertainers
who sold goods in baghdad and to where
Merchants sold goods from Africa, Asia, and Europe
when was the abbasid peak
under reign of caliph Harun al-Rashid (ruling 786-809)
whos harun al rashid? what was he a symbol of, and what was he known for
Model ruler both Europe and Muslim world
Symbol of wealth and splendor
Wealthy, generous, loves learning
house of wisdom arabic
بيت الحكمه (bayt al-hikmah)
who founded bayt al-hikmah and architecture of arts
Harun al-Rashid
harun al-rashid’s
relation w/ other Frankish rulers
what did he send Charlemagne
hoped who would join him in alliance against Umayyads
funded what 2 things
founded what?
Created closer ties w/ other Frankish rulers
Sent Charlemagne several gifts
Hoped franks would join him in alliance against rival Umayyad in Spain
Funded architecture and arts
founded house of wisdom
who gathered to harun al rashid’s court in baghdad
Poets, physicians, philosophers gather @ his court in Baghdad
damascus capital of what and what its responsible for
umayyad capital in syria. most important city thats responsible for its expansion
Seljuk Turks are invaders from where
invaders from Turkistan like Huns
what did seljuk turks…
adopt what
build empire across what
invaded into where
threatened who
started what wars
Migrated and adopted Islam
Built empire across Fertile Crescent
Invaded into Asia Minor (geographic region), threatening Byzantines
gave christians an excuse to start crusades for attacking christian pilgrims
Pope Urban II
….was asked for help from Byzantine Emperor Alexius I to help fight off the Turks
united christian knights to fight against turks
1095, Council of Clermont. what did urban do and how
Urban unites bishops and nobles unite to “free” the Holy Land with a misinformative and exaggerated speech abt muslims
Holy Land = ? and why
Palestine, esp Jerusalem
b/c Associated with Jesus and his life
why did the muslims lose to the crusaders
because Islamic empire was divided, not bc christians more powerful
1216 - genghiz khan
came from where and captured and burned what
Led Mongols out of Central Asia across Persia and Mesopotamia
ruthless
On horse, capture Bagdad and burned down House of Wisdom
place in desert with water
oasis
