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Conceptual > The rise of behaviourism > Flashcards

The rise of behaviourism Flashcards

1
Q

What were the two goals in the German education system?

A
  • 2 goals: 1. Conduct research 2. Make good citizens

- Leading in the development of science

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2
Q

What were Wilhelm Wundt’s firsts?

A
  • Scientific psychologist
  • Psychology course
  • Psychology lab (beginning of modern psychology)
  • Book on the Principles of Physiological Psychology
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3
Q

What were Wilhelm Wundt’s three goals?

A
  1. Analyse elements of consciousness
  2. Connection between elements
  3. Find laws
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4
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt believe?

A
  • Psychophysical parallelism –every physical event has a mental counterpart, and vice versa
  • Assumption: measurable variables are bi-products of sensations and movements.
  • Physiological Psychology
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5
Q

What were Wilhelm Wundt’s three methods?

A
  • Psychophysical methods (study between physical stimuli and positive states)
  • Historical method (products of human cultures)
  • Method of introspection
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6
Q

What is the method of introspection? (Wilhelm Wundt)

A
  1. Ability to observe the phenomena
  2. Pay close attention
  3. Repeated experiments
  4. Conditions should vary
    - Distinction between internal perception and experimental self-observation was made due to the criticism of introspection
    - Internal perception (reflect inward)
    - Experimental self-observation
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7
Q

Problems with introspection - Readiness potentials experiment - Libet (2002)

A
  • EEG’s used to measure brains readiness potential
  • Looked at hand muscle activity, asked to flex hand when they felt the urge to do so
  • Onset of RP already in action prior to the hand flex, shows inaccurate perception of own behaviour
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8
Q

Problems with introspection - Love on a bridge experiment -Dutton and Aron (1974)

A
  • Attractive women go up to men on a scary or stable bridge
  • Ask them to participate in a study about scenic beauty effects creativity
  • Gives phone number at the end for an optional follow up
  • 50% in the scary condition called, vs 13% in the non-scary condition
  • More sexual themes from men on the scary bridge, due to heightened arousal
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9
Q

Problems with introspection - Shopper’s choice experiment -Nisbett and Wilson (1977)

A
  • Completed survey about pantyhose preference
  • The rightmost choice was selected the most often (40%)
  • “Little ability to access higher-order processes”
  • Participants don’t know why they prefer the one they chose
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10
Q

“Intuition’s Dozen Deadly Sins” -Myers 2004

A
  1. Memory construction
  2. Misreading our own minds
  3. Mis-predicting our own feelings
  4. Mis-predicting our own behaviors
  5. Hindsight bias
  6. Self-serving bias
  7. Overconfidence bias
  8. Fundamental attribution error
  9. Belief preservation and confirmation bias
  10. Representativeness and availability
  11. Framing
  12. Illusory correlation
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11
Q

1 Memory construction

A
  • Influenced by multiple factors
  • False memories can form
  • Encoding – storage – retrieval
  • Memory is not a recording device
  • Error can occur such as forgetting
  • Influences how memory is reconstructed
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12
Q

2 Misreading our own minds

A

Often we don’t know why we do what we do

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13
Q

3 Mis-predicting our own feelings

A

We can mis-predict the intensity and duration of our emotions

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14
Q

4 Mis-predicting our own behaviours

A

Intuitive self-predictions can go astray

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15
Q

5 Hindsight bias

A
  • ‘I knew it all along’ bias
  • Think something will happen after it has happened
  • Memory distortion (mis-remembering)
  • Inevitability (it had to happen)
  • Foreseeability (I knew it would happen)
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16
Q

6 Self-serving bias

A
  • Take credit for success
  • Won’t take credit for failure – blame outside source
  • Takes away personal responsibility
  • We can show inflated self-assessments
  • Attribute successes to personal attributes
17
Q

7 Overconfidence bias

A
  • Our assessments of our knowledge can be more confident than correct
  • More confident than you should be
18
Q

8 Fundamental attribution error

A
  • Attributing others’ behaviour to their dispositions by discounting situational forces
  • Discount the situation
  • Internal explanations rather than the situation
19
Q

9 Confirmation bias and belief preservation

A
  • Preferring information which supports their own beliefs, denies any which contradicts
  • Prefers information that support beliefs
  • Even after their foundation is discredited
20
Q

10 Availability and representativeness heuristics

A
  • Mental shortcuts, helps us make decisions and judgments with no analysis
  • Can lead to incorrect judgment e.g. more likely to die in a plane crash than die from a disease
  • Base judgments on how easily the information comes to mind
  • Base judgments on how similar something is compared to the typical case
21
Q

11 Framing effect

A

-Judgments flip flop depending on how the information is presented

22
Q

12 Illusory correlation

A
  • Perceiving correlations where none exist

- Relationship between variables when there is no relationship

23
Q

Experimental psychology in Germany

A
  • German Professors were encouraged to pursue their own interests
  • Baconian research methods were used to collect facts
  • Germany included biology as part of science
24
Q

Who was William James ?

A
  • One of the 1st Psychologists
  • Functionalist – Introspection (best available method at the time) – Darwin’s theory – Influential in Psychology in US
  • Wrote Principles of Psychology
  • Looked at functions of the mind
25
Q

Who was Edward Titchener ?

A
  • Studied under Wundt
  • Structuralism (through introspection) – Structure of the mind – Introspection – Not big in the US
  • Thought UK wasn’t receptive of psychology
  • Didn’t address issues which the US had at the time
  • US was influenced by Darwin and James
26
Q

Why was functionalism embraced in the US?

A
  • Economic superpower
  • By 1900 41 labs
  • APA founded in 1892
  • Darwin’s work was influential
  • Influx of immigrants (20 million)
  • Invested heavily in research
27
Q

What happened in the Industrial Revolution ?

A
  • Natural resources
  • Human resources
  • Tech inventions (e.g. railworks, telegraph, calculator)
  • Darwin’s theory appealed
  • Functionalism succeeded
28
Q

What did Thorndike do?

A
  • Changed method in 2 ways:
  • Did not rely on anecdotal evidence
  • Based conclusions on behaviour (observations)
  • Law of effect –behaviours followed by positive consequences are repeated and strengthened
  • Wanted to look at how children learn, but used animals in a controlled environment
29
Q

What did Pavlov do?

A
  • Physiologist studying digestive system

- Accidental discovery: classical conditioning

30
Q

What did Watson do?

A
  • Established Behaviour School of Psychology
  • Classical conditioning of emotional responses
  • Psychology should be objective
  • Shift from introspection to observation – marked the clear transition
  • Little Albert
31
Q

What was Comte ?

A
  1. Because science is based on observation and experimentation, findings are always true
  2. Scientific theories are summaries of empirical findings; therefore they are always true as well
  3. Because scientific knowledge is infallible, it should be the motor of all progress
32
Q

Why is animal research helpful?

A
  • Cornerstone of human progress

- Positivism –describe experienced phenomena

33
Q

What 3 points need to be met in animal research?

A
  1. Operational definitions are needed – Variables must be expressed numerically
  2. Distinction between independent and dependent variables – Independent –characteristics of the environment. Dependent –measured the effect of the IV
  3. Needs verification – Increases objectivity
    - Statements are only useful if they can be verified by empirical observation
34
Q

What did Skinner do?

A
  • Operant conditioning – Reinforcement – Punishment

- Radical behaviourism

35
Q

What did Tolmon do?

A
  • Purposive Behaviourism
  • Latent learning –acquisition of knowledge without observable behaviour
  • Animal and human behaviours are motivated by goals
  • Partially influential in the development of cognitive psychology
36
Q

What were Tolmon’s 3 conditions?

A
  1. Control group: Never found food (HNR)
  2. Control group: Found food throughout (HR)
  3. Experimental group: Found food at the end of maze from the 11th day on (HNR-R)

Conceptual (10 decks)

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