The Restoration: Key issue 3 Flashcards
What did mercantilism lead to?
Protectionist laws and high taxes on imports.
Nav acts 1651: one of the only laws passed during the interregnum, confirmed by the Cavalier P in 1660.
It meant that European traders were forced to use E ships for USA trade.
Why was sea power important?
Sea power increased trade.
Privateers made money by raiding ships.
This money increased sea power.
Privateers were crucial in defeating the Spanish but E sea power couldn’t defeat the Dutch.
Describe Spanish threats
Catholic Spain had wealth and gold from S America: big threat in the 16th century.
Spain the and dutch had a war which drained Spain’s economy and made it vulnerable to attack from E privateers.
In 1665: E captured Jamaica form Spain
Describe threats from the Netherlands
Dutch East Indies company exploited spice trade in Java and Sri Lanka.
Dutch West Indies colonised N America and built a banking system to trade over long distances. Serious threat.
1626: rivalry led to massacre of E traders in Indonesia.
They also smuggled goods to avoid War Acts.
What was Englands relationship with France like?
Charles admired Louis’ power and allied with France but catholic fears in England meant E distrusted France.
What happened with American colonies?
by 1664 there were E colonies along north and south parts of North America. colonies sent exotic goods.
NY also invaded by James.
Describe the Hudson Bay company
Supplied clothes for England and paid hunters to supply furs.
They exchanged goods w/ indigenous ppl and created huge profit for the king and Prince Rupert.
Describe the Bombay, East India company. What impacts did it have?
Set up in 1668 with a 50k loan from the king. Traded diamonds and exotic goods. The company could create a legal system, develop local areas and make hospitals under a charter from the King.
IMPACTS: Pop went from 10k-16k. A monopoly of trade. 1663-69: export value quadrupled.
As the Mughal empire faltered, the emperor employed E to raise taxes in states, making E in almost total control by the mid 19th century
What was the situation in Tangier?
Cath of Braganza gifted this to Charles in the dowry, but only 600 settlers lived there, with the rest being 4000 E soldiers. Soldiers lived poorly in barracks. One governor was killed in a 1664 raid.
1667-82: war w/ Algiers captured 3000 E men.
Catholic suspicions and lack of £ meant P didn’t raise taxes for Tangier and the colony was abandoned in 1684.
What happened on slave plantations?
Grew coffee, tobacco, cotton sugar etc that they exported to E. this was then traded in Europe (mercantilism).
Manpower shortage in plantations meant owners imported West African slaves eg 1680: 65000 slaves on plantations, but died quickly. Jamaica at a point had to import 10k slaves annually.
Describe the triangular slave trade
Manufactured goods went from E to West Africa.
Africa sent slaves to the Caribbean to make sugar, tobacco and cotton. these goods were sent back to England.
what were the impacts of the triangular slave trade?
8m slaves exploited and made towns like Bristol rich.
Sugar profits stimulated industry investment, leading to the 18th cent industrial revolution.
Slavery boosted the demand for chains, pots and pans so merchants were encouraged to start businesses.
Plantation owners like Thomas Modyford made £££
Why did England go to war with the Dutch
James, influenced by mercantilism, thought that the Dutch were pushing England out of Atlantic trade.
He believed treasure could be captured from Dutch ships.
He organised MPs to pressure Charles into war and invaded new Amsterdam.
What advantages did England have in the Dutch war
Line ahead tactic inflicted a lot of damage e.g. 13th of June 1665 in the Battle of Lowestoft England lost one ship and the Dutch lost 32.
Why did England lose the Dutch war
Charles replaced James with Sandwich to protect his heir. He lacked tactical skills, was forced to withdraw after attacking Bergen and was sacked.
The plague and fire disrupted food/coal supplies and tax collection which led to a 400K shortage.
Pepys asked for 100K but left empty handed.
Jun 1667: Dutch raided the Medway, towing away 5 ships including the Royal flagship. July 1667: peace treaty
