Power and the People KI2 Flashcards
What caused the Pilgrimage of Grace?
The act of suppression, Sep 1536: local abbeys dissolved, churches within 5 miles closed.
Act of Supremacy 1534: Henry leader of church and state.
Political: Upset over Catherine of Aragon’s divorce and how Mary was now illegitimate. Anne Boleyn had a rep of witchcraft
Economic: Poor harvests of 1535 meant prices spiralled. People hated taxes on births and marriages
Who was involved in the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Robert Aske: York lawyer caught up in the revolt and forced to make an oath of loyalty.
Named the revolt, led 2 marches, called for a peaceful rebellion and wrote the pilgrims oath.
When new revolts broke out in January, Aske was arrested and executed.
what was the aims of the rebels in the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Political: rebels only wished to remove advisers like Thomas Cromwell who lead Henry away from the church.
Religious: wanted to restore to old ways of religion and remove the new prayer book
What methods did protestors use in the POG?
Rebel army of 30000 men marching in York.
Oct 2: crowd forced king’s commissioners to write to the king and explain grievances.
Marched under the banner of the 5 wounds of Christ .
Oct 4: one of bishop Lincoln’s men were killed so gentry and landowners joined the revolt.
10th oct: king full of rage and sent an army. When the army was 40 miles away rebels dispersed. The revolt was over and 100s death sentences carried out.
What were the longer term impacts of the POG
Long term: Largest threat to henry within his own country and may have ended his reign. Demonstrated people would not tolerate drastic changes to religion.
Eg: 5 years after the rebellion protestors had to beg henry for forgiveness when he visited. worsened relations w/ Henry and protestors
Overall: total failure: the rebels outnumbered the kings army (30000 to 8000). Henry outmaneuvered the rebels and emerged more ruthless than ever.
What were the causes of the civil war?
Charles believed in divine right
“P didn’t have the right to agree to taxes.”
personal rule from 1629-1640, alienating P and gentry.
Religious: Anglican MPs= suspicious of Charles wife Henrietta Maria, French catholic princess.
Archbishop William Laud introduced catholic practices in Anglican worship.
Economic: He collected a forced loan and ship money in 1626 to raise taxes.
Scots invaded and Charles was forced to call P for taxes to raise an army.
In response, P issued the grand remonstrance, = 204 objections. He attempted to arrest 5 MPs, lead to civil war.
What methods were used in the civil war? why was it successful?
1645 the new model Army was created. it was powerful and disciplined
Eg: offices weren’t allowed to be MPs, soldiers had strong religious convictions, promotions happened strictly on merit, and they were well-paid e.g. 8D per day
Give short and long term impacts of the civil war
Charles was arrested and given a trial found guilty and executed
Enforces the idea of no taxation without representation
Parliament demonstrated that they were essential to rule alongside the King.
Who lived in the colonists and why was there tension?
By 1775 2.5 million colonists lived there.
50% indentured servants, enslaved Africans, 50K convicts
Maryland set up as safe place for Catholics.
Thomas Paine published common sense in 1776 arguing for independence- sold 500,000 in a few months
7 years war with France meant colonists had to pay for troops.
Stamp act, 1763 enforcing taxation, causing fury.
Opposition occurred in the Boston tea party. In retaliation Britain closed Boston harbour until restitution was paid
What were the aims of the colonists and who else was involved?
Tories thought they had every right to rule over the colony.
Whigs were more sympathetic to the colonists.
AIM: Achieve independence from Britain
Why were the methods used by the colonists successful?
War of independence:
Army led by George Washington, a tactical genius.
Dutch and Spanish landed economic assistance to the USA
In 1778 France allied with the USA, bringing a major superpower to America’s side
Took advantage of the divided opinion in Britain
British General Cornwallis made a huge error at the Battle of Yorktown by trapping his own army next to the coast
Give long and short term impacts of the American revolution.
They won the war of independence and gained independence on the 4th of July
First colony to reject rule from Britain
Set precedent about no taxation without representation.
Established ideas about equality and political ideas about power, authority freedom, empire and democracy.
