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Geography > The restless earth > Flashcards

The restless earth Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of the earth?

A

inner core
outer core
Mantle (convection currents)
Crust

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2
Q

Features of Continental crust

A

Older
Less dense
Doesn’t sink
Never destroyed or renewed

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3
Q

Feature of Oceanic Crust?

A

Newer
Denser
Sinks (below continental crust)
Destroyed and renewed

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4
Q

What happens at a destructive boundary?

A

Plates move together
Subduction - oceanic subducts beneath continental
Collision - 2 continentals collide and buckle

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5
Q

What happens at a constructive boundary?

A

The plates move apart

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6
Q

What happens at a conservative boundary?

A

The plates move past each other
similar directions
different angles and speed

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7
Q

What makes the plates move?

A

the convection currents in the mantle

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8
Q

What forms at destructive subduction boundaries?

A

(Oceanic crust melts to form magma)
Fold mountains
Ocean trenches

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9
Q

What forms at destructive collision boundaries?

A 
Fold mountains (e.g alps)
composite volcanos
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10
Q

What forms at Constuctive plate margins?

A

Shield Volcanos

ocean ridges

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11
Q

What forms at conservative boundaries?

A

Upland ridges

EARTHQUAKES

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12
Q

Composite volcanoes

A 
at DESTRUCTIVE plates boundaries
steep sides
made of lava, ash, lava, ash
eruptions are infrequent and violent
often have PYROCLASTIC flows (hot steam, ash, rock, dust)
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13
Q

Shield Volcanoes

A 
at CONSTRUCTIVE plate boundaries
gentle, sloping sides
low, rounded peak
made of lava
eruptions frequent and non-violent
RUNNY lava (little ash)
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14
Q

Using fold mountains case study

A

the ALPS
destructive collision boundary (African + Eurasian)
Border France, Italy, Switzerland etc.

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15
Q

Land uses in Alpine valley

1) Farming

A

SOUTH facing (warmer)
Transhumance - seasonable movement of animals
In summer: animals high up grazing, crops growing in valley bottom
In winter: Animals eating crops in barns

Changes:
cable cars mean milk is transported instead of being changed to butter and cheese
farmers buy feedstuffs so animals can be on valley bottom all year

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16
Q

Land uses in Alpine valley

2) Forestry

A

Coniferous trees on NORTH facing slopes
main building material and fuel in alps
Sawmills on valley bottom near to riversq

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17
Q

Land uses in Alpine valley

3) Hydro- electric power (HEP)

A 
Steep slopes
high precipitation
summer melting of glaciers
= FAST FLOWING RIVERS
narrow valleys are easy to dam
lakes to store water

Energy used by:
Industries (e.g sawmills)
exported to other regions

18
Q

Land uses in Alpine valley

4) Tourism

A 
major industry ALL YEAR
Winter: Snow resorts (e.g Chamonix)
flatter land on high-level benches for restaurants and hotels
steep slope for ski runs and views
Summer: Summer resorts (e.g Garda)
large glacial lakes on valley floor
beautiful mountain scenery

= better resources for locals also (e.g roads)

19
Q

Land uses in Alpine valley

5) Mining

A

(not that big in The Alps)
salt, iron-ore, silver, copper
large quarries
nearby industries to send minerals to

In decline due to cheaper foreign sources

20
Q

Case study of a volcanic eruption
NAME
DATE
PLATES

A

Mt St Helens, Washington State, USA
18th May, 1980
Destructive : Juan de fuca + North American

21
Q

Primary effects of St Helen eruption

A

about 60 dead (also from poisonous gases)
Lahars (ash and water mudflows)
forests destroyed
extensive area destroyed (27km north of eruption)

22
Q

Secondary effects of St Helen eruption

A

ash blocked rivers = flooding and destroyed fishing patches
flood = destroyed communications (roads, bridges) and crops and livestock
made land more fertile

23
Q

Short term responses of St Helen eruption

A

rescuing survivors
mobilising helicopters
clearing roads
giving shelter to stranded

24
Q

Long term responses of St Helen eruption

A

buildings + bridges rebuilt
forests replanted
encouraging tourism again (now is major industry - 3 million per year)
more careful monitoring

25
Q

How to monitor and predict volcanos

A

seismometers
thermal cameras
measuring sulfur gas levels

26
Q

preparing for volcanoes

A 
create exclusion zone
supply of basic provisions
ready to evacuate people
good  communication system
gas masks ready
27
Q

example of supervolcano

A

yellowstone, USA

28
Q

characteristics of supervolcano

A

emit at least 1000km^3 of material

have a caldera

29
Q

likely effects of a supervolcano erupting

A 
10,000km^3 land destroyed
87000 people die
global climate change
crops fail
ash would cover buildings 
reach UK in about  5 days
electricity water and transport all affected
30
Q

Earthquake in LEDC

31
Q

Details of Haiti earthquake

A

January 2010
7 on richter scale
16.53pm
focus = 5 miles shallow
epicentre = 10 miles of Port - au Price (capital)
conservative plate boundary - North American and Caribbean

32
Q

Impacts of Haiti earthquake?

A 
20,000 killed
1 million made homeless
19 million metres^3 of rubble
hospitals collapsed
airport damaged
aftershocks
tsunami
sea level change
unemployment 1/3 people
looting (4,000 inmates escaped)
disease spread (cholera)
33
Q

Responses to Haiti earthquake

A 
clean water and food sent
army soldiers sent
shelters for 1.9 million
300 truckloads of rubble cleared each day
FB pages set up - e.g Oxfam, $10,000 donated
Text HAITI to donate £10 
improved building standards
schools rebuilt
small farmers supported
$3.5 BILLION IN AID GIVEN
34
Q

Why was Haiti damaged so badly?

A 
LEDC
high population density
ABSENCE OF BUILDING STANDARDS
lack of education
lack of emergency services
epicentre close to capital
35
Q

earthquake in MEDC

A

Christchurch, New Zealand

36
Q

Details of Christchurch earthquake

A 
February 2011
magnitude of 6.3 
12.51 pm (busy)
focus = 5km deep
epicentre = 10 km south east of CBD
Conservative plate boundary: Australian and Pacific
37
Q

Impacts of Christchurch earthquake

A 
181 killed
75% of homes in area affected
80% of city without electricity
water and sewage pipes damaged 
liquefaction 
part of countries largest glacier broke off
psychological impact
15% fewer exports
afterschocks
tourism industry decreased
(could no longer host rugby world cup)
cost of re building = 10% NZ's GDP
38
Q

Responses to Christchurch earthquake

A

CBD evacuated
national state of emergency declared
fire ban
chemical toilets provided for 30,000 people
Paid $898 million in building claims
rebuilding buildings even stronger and safer
$6-7 MILLION IN AID GIVEN

39
Q

How prepared was Christchurch?

A

GeoNet predicts earthquakes and sends info to emergency services within minutes
campaign of Quake -Safe
Introduced building code in 1935
educated well

40
Q

What are the three Ps?

A

Prediction
Protection
Preparedness

41
Q

Characteristics of a tsunami

A

Crests are v wide apart
Move at speeds such as 800km/hour
Smaller height of wave out at sea

Geography (17 decks)

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