Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > The restless earth > Flashcards

The restless earth Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

Structure of the earth?

A

inner core
outer core
Mantle (convection currents)
Crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Features of Continental crust

A

Older
Less dense
Doesn’t sink
Never destroyed or renewed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Feature of Oceanic Crust?

A

Newer
Denser
Sinks (below continental crust)
Destroyed and renewed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens at a destructive boundary?

A

Plates move together
Subduction - oceanic subducts beneath continental
Collision - 2 continentals collide and buckle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens at a constructive boundary?

A

The plates move apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens at a conservative boundary?

A

The plates move past each other
similar directions
different angles and speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What makes the plates move?

A

the convection currents in the mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What forms at destructive subduction boundaries?

A

(Oceanic crust melts to form magma)
Fold mountains
Ocean trenches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What forms at destructive collision boundaries?

A 
Fold mountains (e.g alps)
composite volcanos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What forms at Constuctive plate margins?

A

Shield Volcanos

ocean ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What forms at conservative boundaries?

A

Upland ridges

EARTHQUAKES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Composite volcanoes

A 
at DESTRUCTIVE plates boundaries
steep sides
made of lava, ash, lava, ash
eruptions are infrequent and violent
often have PYROCLASTIC flows (hot steam, ash, rock, dust)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Shield Volcanoes

A 
at CONSTRUCTIVE plate boundaries
gentle, sloping sides
low, rounded peak
made of lava
eruptions frequent and non-violent
RUNNY lava (little ash)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Using fold mountains case study

A

the ALPS
destructive collision boundary (African + Eurasian)
Border France, Italy, Switzerland etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Land uses in Alpine valley

1) Farming

A

SOUTH facing (warmer)
Transhumance - seasonable movement of animals
In summer: animals high up grazing, crops growing in valley bottom
In winter: Animals eating crops in barns

Changes:
cable cars mean milk is transported instead of being changed to butter and cheese
farmers buy feedstuffs so animals can be on valley bottom all year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Land uses in Alpine valley

2) Forestry

A

Coniferous trees on NORTH facing slopes
main building material and fuel in alps
Sawmills on valley bottom near to riversq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Land uses in Alpine valley

3) Hydro- electric power (HEP)

A 
Steep slopes
high precipitation
summer melting of glaciers
= FAST FLOWING RIVERS
narrow valleys are easy to dam
lakes to store water

Energy used by:
Industries (e.g sawmills)
exported to other regions

18
Q

Land uses in Alpine valley

4) Tourism

A 
major industry ALL YEAR
Winter: Snow resorts (e.g Chamonix)
flatter land on high-level benches for restaurants and hotels
steep slope for ski runs and views
Summer: Summer resorts (e.g Garda)
large glacial lakes on valley floor
beautiful mountain scenery

= better resources for locals also (e.g roads)

19
Q

Land uses in Alpine valley

5) Mining

A

(not that big in The Alps)
salt, iron-ore, silver, copper
large quarries
nearby industries to send minerals to

In decline due to cheaper foreign sources

20
Q

Case study of a volcanic eruption
NAME
DATE
PLATES

A

Mt St Helens, Washington State, USA
18th May, 1980
Destructive : Juan de fuca + North American

21
Q

Primary effects of St Helen eruption

A

about 60 dead (also from poisonous gases)
Lahars (ash and water mudflows)
forests destroyed
extensive area destroyed (27km north of eruption)

22
Q

Secondary effects of St Helen eruption

A

ash blocked rivers = flooding and destroyed fishing patches
flood = destroyed communications (roads, bridges) and crops and livestock
made land more fertile

23
Q

Short term responses of St Helen eruption

A

rescuing survivors
mobilising helicopters
clearing roads
giving shelter to stranded

24
Q

Long term responses of St Helen eruption

A

buildings + bridges rebuilt
forests replanted
encouraging tourism again (now is major industry - 3 million per year)
more careful monitoring

25
Q

How to monitor and predict volcanos

A

seismometers
thermal cameras
measuring sulfur gas levels

26
Q

preparing for volcanoes

A 
create exclusion zone
supply of basic provisions
ready to evacuate people
good  communication system
gas masks ready
27
Q

example of supervolcano

A

yellowstone, USA

28
Q

characteristics of supervolcano

A

emit at least 1000km^3 of material

have a caldera

29
Q

likely effects of a supervolcano erupting

A 
10,000km^3 land destroyed
87000 people die
global climate change
crops fail
ash would cover buildings 
reach UK in about  5 days
electricity water and transport all affected
30
Q

Earthquake in LEDC

A

Haiti

31
Q

Details of Haiti earthquake

A

January 2010
7 on richter scale
16.53pm
focus = 5 miles shallow
epicentre = 10 miles of Port - au Price (capital)
conservative plate boundary - North American and Caribbean

32
Q

Impacts of Haiti earthquake?

A 
20,000 killed
1 million made homeless
19 million metres^3 of rubble
hospitals collapsed
airport damaged
aftershocks
tsunami
sea level change
unemployment 1/3 people
looting (4,000 inmates escaped)
disease spread (cholera)
33
Q

Responses to Haiti earthquake

A 
clean water and food sent
army soldiers sent
shelters for 1.9 million
300 truckloads of rubble cleared each day
FB pages set up - e.g Oxfam, $10,000 donated
Text HAITI to donate £10 
improved building standards
schools rebuilt
small farmers supported
$3.5 BILLION IN AID GIVEN
34
Q

Why was Haiti damaged so badly?

A 
LEDC
high population density
ABSENCE OF BUILDING STANDARDS
lack of education
lack of emergency services
epicentre close to capital
35
Q

earthquake in MEDC

A

Christchurch, New Zealand

36
Q

Details of Christchurch earthquake

A 
February 2011
magnitude of 6.3 
12.51 pm (busy)
focus = 5km deep
epicentre = 10 km south east of CBD
Conservative plate boundary: Australian and Pacific
37
Q

Impacts of Christchurch earthquake

A 
181 killed
75% of homes in area affected
80% of city without electricity
water and sewage pipes damaged 
liquefaction 
part of countries largest glacier broke off
psychological impact
15% fewer exports
afterschocks
tourism industry decreased
(could no longer host rugby world cup)
cost of re building = 10% NZ's GDP
38
Q

Responses to Christchurch earthquake

A

CBD evacuated
national state of emergency declared
fire ban
chemical toilets provided for 30,000 people
Paid $898 million in building claims
rebuilding buildings even stronger and safer
$6-7 MILLION IN AID GIVEN

39
Q

How prepared was Christchurch?

A

GeoNet predicts earthquakes and sends info to emergency services within minutes
campaign of Quake -Safe
Introduced building code in 1935
educated well

40
Q

What are the three Ps?

A

Prediction
Protection
Preparedness

41
Q

Characteristics of a tsunami

A

Crests are v wide apart
Move at speeds such as 800km/hour
Smaller height of wave out at sea

Geography (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions