the development gap Flashcards
ways of dividing up the world?
1st -4th world
brandt line (north and south)
LEDC and MEDC
Five Fold
What are the categories in the five-fold division of the world?
rich industrialisation (UK) oil exporting (UAE) newly industrialising (India) former centrally planned (Russia) heavily indebted (Congo)
what is a chloropleth map?
coloured map where colours represent figure
what is a isoline map?
where contour lines show elevation
What is the GNP
Gross National Product
measures the total economic output of a country, including earnings from foreign investments.
What is the GDP?
Gross Domestic Product
is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.
What is GNP per capita?
is a country’s GNP divided by its population.
What is the HDI?
Human Development Index life expectancy level of education GDP per capita Maximum = 1 (good)
How to measure development?
birth rate death rate literacy rate infant mortality rate no of doctors per 100 people percentage of population with clean water
Why are single indicators not always great?
averages
only represent one thing
often countries don’t have resources to measure correctly
Quality of life/
qualitative measure of how happy people are with what they have
Standard of living?
access to the necessities in life (education, healthcare…)
In general what make the global inequalities worse?
Environmental Factors
Economic Factors
Social Factors
Political Factors
What are some environmental factors that make global inequalities worse?
landlocked climates that cause lots of disease (malaria) rough/unfavourable topography hard climate (flooding/droughts) lack of natural resources natural hazards - Haiti Earthquake
What are some political factors that make global inequalities worse?
unstable government
corrupt government (e.g Zimbabwe)
War
What are some economic factors that make global inequalities worse?
in debt
low standard of living = bad base to built off
tariffs (tax on exports and imports) placed on goods by MEDC buyer
LEDCs tend to export raw materials whilst MEDC makes the profit from making things
poverty cycle
What are some social factors that make global inequalities worse?
lack of self motivation lack of skills (investors are put off) unproductive social environment (in war) lack of good water QUALITY =illness = unable to work = no economic development unreliable water SUPPLY =limited crop yield = low food supply =children walk in search for water = not in school = unemployable = poverty cycle
What is trade?
the exchange of goods, money, services between countries or regions
what is a trade surplus?
value of exports > value of imports
What is the imbalance in trade?
LEDCs export lower value raw materials (cocoa or cotton)
so less foreign money comes in
so standard of living is low
rich countries want to pay very little and are able to because there is a bigger supply than demand so LEDC farmers are constantly lowering their prices to get chosen
What are the attempts to reduce trade imbalance?
fair trade
conservation swaps
Case Study of natural hazards affecting development?
Haiti Earthquake 2010
Example of fair trade?
Kipkelion Union, Kenya
empower and increase coffee ownership of women
What is a conservation swap?
portions of debt removed in exchange for a promise to conserve large parts of natural environment
= protected environment
= allowing the country to focus on improving standard of living
Example of a conservation Swap?
USA gives $24 million in debt relief to GUATEMALA to protect forest
What are loans?
money given that in the future needs to be returned but with interest
Where is the money of loans got from?
World Financial Organisations
e.g World Bank
What is debt relief?
either
reduce interest rate
reduce amount of loan
abolish debt all together
What is aid?
form of help given from one thing (country, person ,etc.) to another
can be money, people, equipment, medical assistance…
What is short term aid?
Advantages and Disadvantages?
given to relieve a disaster situation
+safes lives
+feel good factor
+draws attention to country so flow of money may continue
-well meaning organisations can fail to provide what is needed
What is long term aid?
Advantages and Disadvantages?
Aid given for a significant period to promote economic development
+new industries improve skills and employment
+ agricultural improvement
+new infrastructure
+trade may continue
- may become reliant
- local land lost to large scale projects
-many not be sufficient to maintain schools etc.
What is top-down aid?
Advantages and Disadvantages?
when aid is co-ordinated by governments (usually large-scale projects) \+makes donor country feel in control \+often a lot to show for it to make donor country look good \+solves large scale problems \+large improvements made - uses up huge amounts of money - corruption -often less sustainable - individuals often are disadvantaged
What is Bottom Up Aid?
Advantages and Disadvantages?
Aid provided for basic health care, clean water, education etc.
+ organised by charities - feel good factor
+direct link between donor + recipients
e.g letter writing
+ money NOT lost through corruption
+ projects are sustainable
- during recessions funds can fluxuate
What is multilateral Aid?
MEDC –> International Organisations –> LEDCs
What is Bilateral aid?
government –> government
What is the EU?
European Union
27 countries
What is a trading group?
a group of countries together to increase volume of trade
e.g EU
What are the benfits of being in a trading group?
increases export and import opportunites workers are able to move freely within countries in the group protected from other competition jobs created from increased trade high environmental standards
What is an economic core?
centre of a country economically where businesses thrive people have opportunities highly development area e.g London
What is an economic periphery?
an area economically more on the edge more remote poorer less opportunities less developed e.g North Scotland
Compare two EU countries
Romania and UK
How to reduce the differences between European countries?
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
European Investment Bank (EIP)
The Urban Fund II
Structural Funds
What is the CAP?
guarantee a minimum level of food production to feed the population of the EU
- ensures good standard of living for farmers
- ensure farmers reach environmental standards
- stabilise food prices
What is the EIB?
provides finance for sustainable investment projects
finances new businesses and training people
What is the Urban Fund II?
and who gets it?
e.g
for sustainable development in troubled cities (80% of EU citizens live in cities) -high level of long term unemployment -high criminality -low level of economic activity -low level of education NEWCASTLE
What are structural funds?
funds to support poorer regions (75% or less than the average GDP of EU)
improve infrastructure
aim = to get poorer to catch up with other richer EU regions
aim = to achieve solidarity
(member states provide financial support to poorer members)
