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the rest Flashcards

1
Q

soil fertility impacts of nitrogen

A

key component of SOM
key ingredient in proteins, DNA, enzymes, and chlorophyll
most common nutrient limitation for plant proudctivity

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2
Q

environmental impacts of nitrogen

A

key pollutant in water
key greenhouse gases
key component of acid rain

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3
Q

mineralization

A

decomposition of the chemical compounds in organic matter, so nitrogen is released in soluble inorganic forms that may be available to plants.

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4
Q

decomposition promoted by

A

good aeration
warm temperature
easy to digest carbon

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5
Q

nitrification

A

biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via the intermediary nitrite

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6
Q

nitrification needs

A

oxygen
warm temperature
presence of nitrites

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7
Q

immobilization

A

nitrate and ammonium are taken up by soil organisms and therefore become unavailable to crops

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8
Q

denitrification

A

Conversion of nitrogen from soluble forms to gaseous forms

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9
Q

ammonia volitilization

A

converts to NH3 gas
high pH
drying soil
dandy soil
hot temperature

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10
Q

what conditions are required for denitrification

A

wet soils
anaerobic conditions
microbial food
nitrate present
faster with warm temp
wetlands
bioreactors for removal of nitrate from agricultural runoff

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11
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

process of nitrogen gas from the atmosphere being fixed and becoming part of a plant

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12
Q

plants take up nitrogen as

A

soluble anions
soluble cations
soluble organic compounds

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13
Q

sulfur deficiencies

A

enforcement of clean air standards
lower concentrations of S in fertilizers
harvesting the majority of the plants removes S from soil system

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14
Q

control of P

A

reduced runoff and erosion

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15
Q

control of N

A

reduced leaching

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16
Q

nutrient

A

an element that has a direct effect on growth or metabolism

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17
Q

non mineral nutrients

A

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen

18
Q

macronutrients

A

nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
calcium
magnesium
sulfur

19
Q

micronutrients

A

iron
nickel
zinc
chlorine
manganese
boron
copper
cobalt
molybdenum

20
Q

nitrogen in cells

A

amino acids
proteins
nucleic acids
chlorophyll

21
Q

nitrogen deficiency in plants

A

leaves turn yellow and droop

22
Q

phosphorus in cells

A

nucleic acids, ADP, ATP

23
Q

phosphorus deficiency in plants

A

plants are small, producing little or no flowers
bright green or purplish cast

24
Q

Potassium deficiency in plants

A

older leaves have brown spots, yellow edges, yellow veins, or brown veins

25
Q

sulfur deficiency in plants

A

yellow edges on young leaves

26
Q

nutrient management goals

A

-produce high-quality plants in cost effective way
-efficiently use and conserve nutrient resources
-maintain or enhance soil quality
-protect the environment beyond the soil

27
Q

best management practices

A

buffer strips
cover crops
conservation tillage
forest stand management

28
Q

diagnostic tools and methods for nutrient deficiency

A

field observation
plant tissue analysis
soil analysis

29
Q

nutrient management considerations

A

nutrient cycling
nutrient balance
how much fertilizer is necessary

4R: Right fertilizer, right rate, right time, right place

30
Q

three step erosion process

A

detachement
transport
sedimentation

31
Q

conducive to wind erosion

A

dry soil
disturbed bio crust
loose, pulverized soil
open, treeless land
smooth soil surface
bare soil surface
fine sand and silt textures

32
Q

inhibits wind erosion

A

moist soil
unplowed soil
biological crust
trees and windbreaks
rough, cloddy soil surface
mulched or vegetated soil
clay or coarse sand

33
Q

environmental damages by sediment

A

water turbidity
covers gravel fish spawning grounds
fills reservoirs and channels
carriers nutrients and chemicals
difficult to filter for drinking

34
Q

sheet erosion

A

unfirom movemnets of soil as its picked up by water

35
Q

rill erosion

A

channels form where soil is eroded
water goes in path of least resistance

36
Q

gully erosion

A

deeper channels from water

37
Q

A = RKLSC*P

A

A = amount of soil moved
R = rainfall erosivity
K = soil erodibility
L = slope length
S = steepness of slope
C = cover management
P = physical erosion control practices

38
Q

3 basic principles of erosion control

A

keep soil covered
control flow of water
filter out or trap the sediment

39
Q

controls for flow of runoff

A

terraces
check dams
diversions
waterways

40
Q

trapping the sediment

A

-silt fencing to trap sediment
-hay bales
-grass contour hedges slow runoff, trap sediment and create terraces
-sedimentation ponds trap eroded sediment from construction sites

ENST200 (5 decks)

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