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ENST200 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

composition of soil

A

pore space: 20-30% water and 20-30% air
soil solids: 45% mineral and 5% organic matter

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2
Q

soil defintion

A

loose mineral/organic material affected by physical, chemical and biological processes near the planetary surface and usually holds liquids, gases, and biodata and supports plants

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3
Q

Key Ecosystem Services

A

medium for plant growth
modifier of atmosphere
habitat for soil organisms
engineering medium
system for water supply and purification
recycling system for nutrients and organic wastes

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4
Q

bedrock, sediment, disintegrated rock, materials pushed by glaciers, etc

A

parent material

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5
Q

O Horizon

A

organic matter

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6
Q

A Horizon

A

mineral soil, some organic matter

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7
Q

E horizon

A

nutrients/clays are leached out or elluviated out because of rain/water

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8
Q

B horizon

A

clay, iron oxides, small particles accumulate

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9
Q

C horizon

A

parent material

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10
Q

soil derived from plants or organisms

A

organic soil

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11
Q

soil derived from rocks and minerals

A

mineral soil

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12
Q

elluviation

A

washing out…EXIT

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13
Q

Illuviation

A

Washing IN…enter

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14
Q

Loess

A

silt transported by wind

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15
Q

Colluvium

A

transported by gravity
jagged edges
steep hill areas

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16
Q

Alluvium

A

transported by water
small round rocks

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17
Q

water table

A

upper level of water filling pore spaces of the soil

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18
Q

aspect

A

direction the slope is facing
impacts direct sunlight

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19
Q

grassland vs forest

A

grass = thick a horizon
forest = thin a horizon

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20
Q

worm castes

A

till soil, mix in materials, concentrated areas of nutrients

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21
Q

krotovina

A

filled in animal burrow

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22
Q

Soil Forming factors

A

ClORPT
Climate
Organic Matter
Relief
Parent Material
Time

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23
Q

upper part of soil profile….surface horizon

A

epipedons

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24
Q

mollic epipedon

A

thick, dark, high in organic matter, high base saturation

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25
Q

umbric epipedon

A

like mollic, but lower base saturation

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26
Q

historic epipedon

A

at least 12% carbon depending on clay content

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27
Q

histic materials

A

parent materials that are not rock, but come from plants/organic matter

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28
Q

Melanic epipedon

A

high organic matter, low density, volcanic

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29
Q

Ochrich epipedon

A

too light in color, too thin, or too low base saturation to be anything else (loser)

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30
Q

accumulation of silicate clays, clay skins

A

argillic

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31
Q

accumulation of low activity clays

A

kandic

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32
Q

change in color, chemistry, or structure

A

cambic

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33
Q

high in Na, columnar structure

A

natric

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34
Q

accumulation of CaCO3

A

calcic

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35
Q

illuvial humus, Al

A

spodic

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36
Q

brittle, dense

A

fragipan

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37
Q

oxide, low activity clays, uniform clay

A

oxic

38
Q

ent

A

entisols

39
Q

ept

A

inceptisols

40
Q

el

A

gelisols

41
Q

ist

A

histosols

42
Q

and

A

andisols

43
Q

id

A

aridisols

44
Q

oll

A

mollisols

45
Q

od

A

spodosols

46
Q

alf

A

alfisols

47
Q

ult

A

ultisols

48
Q

ox

A

oxisols

49
Q

recent development, no B horizon, shallow, rocky…flood plains, sand dunes, urban land

A

Entisols

50
Q

inception of B horizon, cambic horizon, cold regions…mountains

A

inceptisols

51
Q

permafrost layer, cryoturbation, cold climates

A

gelisols

52
Q

accumulated organic matter, waterlogged, dark brown to black, bogs

A

histosols

53
Q

volcanic ash, low bulk density, high phosphorus sorption

A

andisols

54
Q

more than 30% expansive clay, wide vertical cracks

A

vertisols

55
Q

moist for less than 90 days in a row, some B horizon….deserts

A

aridisols

56
Q

mollic epipedon, more than 50% base saturation, thick dark surface layer, usually no E horizon…grassland

A

Mollisols

57
Q

accumulation of clay in Bt horizon, under deciduous forests, argillic horizon, high calcium

A

alfisols

58
Q

sandy, acidic, elluviation and E horizon, wavy lines….coniferous forests

A

spodosols

59
Q

accumulation of clay in Bt horizon, low in Ca and low pH, warm, wet climates….deciduous forest

A

ultisols

60
Q

highly weathered, low activity clays, iron and aluminum oxides. bright red….hot and humid

A

oxisols

61
Q

hue

A

color

62
Q

value

A

how light or dark a color is

63
Q

chroma

A

how weak or strong a color is

64
Q

what causes soil colors

A

humus, water content, minerals (iron red, manganese black, glauconitic green)

65
Q

particles 2.0 - 0.05 mm

A

sand

66
Q

particles 0.05 - 0.002 mm

A

silt

67
Q

particles smaller than 0.002 mm

A

clay

68
Q

soil texture

A

size of mineral particles

69
Q

soil structure

A

how particles are arranged together

70
Q

structural units

A

peds or aggregates

71
Q

how is soil structure initiated

A

freeze-thaw cycle
wet-dry cycle
roots and animals
fungal hyphae
chemical flocculation

72
Q

how is soil structure stabilized

A

fungul hyphae
plant roots
particulate organic matter
bacterial glues
adsorbed cations
iron oxides, clay, carbonate

73
Q

bulk density

A

mass oven-dried soil / total soil volume

74
Q

particle density

A

density of individual particles, does not take into account the pore density

75
Q

porosity

A

pore space / total volume

76
Q

soil management practices that promote good soil structure

A

minimal tillage
timing for optimum moisture conditions
maintaining plant litter
incorporating decomposable organic material
using sod crops
using green manure or cover crops
applying gypsum and soil conditioners

77
Q

the resistance of a soil to mechanical stresses or manipulations at various moisture contents

A

consistence

78
Q

hard soil

A

dry, clayey soil that can’t be crushed

79
Q

friable soil

A

moist soil that crumbles

80
Q

sticky soil

A

wet clayey soil that sticks

81
Q

plastic soil

A

wet soil that is malleable

82
Q

capacity of soil mass to withstand stresses without giving way to those stresses by rupturing or becoming deformed

A

soil strength

83
Q

cohesive soil

A

more than 15% sand, strength decreases when wet, increases when dry

84
Q

noncohesive soils

A

sandy, strength depend son frictional forces

85
Q

collapsible soils

A

noncohesive materials that are cemented together by clay, gypsum, or water under tnesion

86
Q

water content when soil crumbles instead of molds

A

plastic limit

87
Q

water content when soil begins to flow

A

liquid limit

88
Q

four major soil forming processes

A

transformations, translocations, additions, losses

89
Q

flocculation

A

particles dispersed in a solution contact and adhere each another, forming clusters, flocks, flakes, or clumps of a larger size

90
Q

cryoturbation

A

mixing of soils by the freezing and thawing of ground ice

ENST200 (5 decks)

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