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ENST200 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

composition of soil

A

pore space: 20-30% water and 20-30% air
soil solids: 45% mineral and 5% organic matter

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2
Q

soil defintion

A

loose mineral/organic material affected by physical, chemical and biological processes near the planetary surface and usually holds liquids, gases, and biodata and supports plants

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3
Q

Key Ecosystem Services

A

medium for plant growth
modifier of atmosphere
habitat for soil organisms
engineering medium
system for water supply and purification
recycling system for nutrients and organic wastes

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4
Q

bedrock, sediment, disintegrated rock, materials pushed by glaciers, etc

A

parent material

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5
Q

O Horizon

A

organic matter

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6
Q

A Horizon

A

mineral soil, some organic matter

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7
Q

E horizon

A

nutrients/clays are leached out or elluviated out because of rain/water

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8
Q

B horizon

A

clay, iron oxides, small particles accumulate

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9
Q

C horizon

A

parent material

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10
Q

soil derived from plants or organisms

A

organic soil

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11
Q

soil derived from rocks and minerals

A

mineral soil

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12
Q

elluviation

A

washing out…EXIT

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13
Q

Illuviation

A

Washing IN…enter

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14
Q

Loess

A

silt transported by wind

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15
Q

Colluvium

A

transported by gravity
jagged edges
steep hill areas

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16
Q

Alluvium

A

transported by water
small round rocks

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17
Q

water table

A

upper level of water filling pore spaces of the soil

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18
Q

aspect

A

direction the slope is facing
impacts direct sunlight

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19
Q

grassland vs forest

A

grass = thick a horizon
forest = thin a horizon

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20
Q

worm castes

A

till soil, mix in materials, concentrated areas of nutrients

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21
Q

krotovina

A

filled in animal burrow

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22
Q

Soil Forming factors

A

ClORPT
Climate
Organic Matter
Relief
Parent Material
Time

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23
Q

upper part of soil profile….surface horizon

A

epipedons

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24
Q

mollic epipedon

A

thick, dark, high in organic matter, high base saturation

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25
umbric epipedon
like mollic, but lower base saturation
26
historic epipedon
at least 12% carbon depending on clay content
27
histic materials
parent materials that are not rock, but come from plants/organic matter
28
Melanic epipedon
high organic matter, low density, volcanic
29
Ochrich epipedon
too light in color, too thin, or too low base saturation to be anything else (loser)
30
accumulation of silicate clays, clay skins
argillic
31
accumulation of low activity clays
kandic
32
change in color, chemistry, or structure
cambic
33
high in Na, columnar structure
natric
34
accumulation of CaCO3
calcic
35
illuvial humus, Al
spodic
36
brittle, dense
fragipan
37
oxide, low activity clays, uniform clay
oxic
38
ent
entisols
39
ept
inceptisols
40
el
gelisols
41
ist
histosols
42
and
andisols
43
id
aridisols
44
oll
mollisols
45
od
spodosols
46
alf
alfisols
47
ult
ultisols
48
ox
oxisols
49
recent development, no B horizon, shallow, rocky...flood plains, sand dunes, urban land
Entisols
50
inception of B horizon, cambic horizon, cold regions...mountains
inceptisols
51
permafrost layer, cryoturbation, cold climates
gelisols
52
accumulated organic matter, waterlogged, dark brown to black, bogs
histosols
53
volcanic ash, low bulk density, high phosphorus sorption
andisols
54
more than 30% expansive clay, wide vertical cracks
vertisols
55
moist for less than 90 days in a row, some B horizon....deserts
aridisols
56
mollic epipedon, more than 50% base saturation, thick dark surface layer, usually no E horizon...grassland
Mollisols
57
accumulation of clay in Bt horizon, under deciduous forests, argillic horizon, high calcium
alfisols
58
sandy, acidic, elluviation and E horizon, wavy lines....coniferous forests
spodosols
59
accumulation of clay in Bt horizon, low in Ca and low pH, warm, wet climates....deciduous forest
ultisols
60
highly weathered, low activity clays, iron and aluminum oxides. bright red....hot and humid
oxisols
61
hue
color
62
value
how light or dark a color is
63
chroma
how weak or strong a color is
64
what causes soil colors
humus, water content, minerals (iron red, manganese black, glauconitic green)
65
particles 2.0 - 0.05 mm
sand
66
particles 0.05 - 0.002 mm
silt
67
particles smaller than 0.002 mm
clay
68
soil texture
size of mineral particles
69
soil structure
how particles are arranged together
70
structural units
peds or aggregates
71
how is soil structure initiated
freeze-thaw cycle wet-dry cycle roots and animals fungal hyphae chemical flocculation
72
how is soil structure stabilized
fungul hyphae plant roots particulate organic matter bacterial glues adsorbed cations iron oxides, clay, carbonate
73
bulk density
mass oven-dried soil / total soil volume
74
particle density
density of individual particles, does not take into account the pore density
75
porosity
pore space / total volume
76
soil management practices that promote good soil structure
minimal tillage timing for optimum moisture conditions maintaining plant litter incorporating decomposable organic material using sod crops using green manure or cover crops applying gypsum and soil conditioners
77
the resistance of a soil to mechanical stresses or manipulations at various moisture contents
consistence
78
hard soil
dry, clayey soil that can't be crushed
79
friable soil
moist soil that crumbles
80
sticky soil
wet clayey soil that sticks
81
plastic soil
wet soil that is malleable
82
capacity of soil mass to withstand stresses without giving way to those stresses by rupturing or becoming deformed
soil strength
83
cohesive soil
more than 15% sand, strength decreases when wet, increases when dry
84
noncohesive soils
sandy, strength depend son frictional forces
85
collapsible soils
noncohesive materials that are cemented together by clay, gypsum, or water under tnesion
86
water content when soil crumbles instead of molds
plastic limit
87
water content when soil begins to flow
liquid limit
88
four major soil forming processes
transformations, translocations, additions, losses
89
flocculation
particles dispersed in a solution contact and adhere each another, forming clusters, flocks, flakes, or clumps of a larger size
90
cryoturbation
mixing of soils by the freezing and thawing of ground ice

ENST200 (5 decks)

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